Physics: Laws of Motion and Energy

Newton's Laws of Motion

• First Law of Motion (Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
• Second Law of Motion (Force & Acceleration): The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
• Third Law of Motion (Action-Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Work, Power, and Energy

• Work: Done when a force causes an object to move a certain distance. Measured in joules (J).
• Power: The rate at which work is done. Measured in watts (W).
• Gravitational Potential Energy: Stored energy of an object due to its position relative to a reference point.
• Kinetic Energy: Energy an object possesses due to its motion.
• Elastic Potential Energy: Stored energy in a deformed elastic object (like a spring).

Sound Propagation

• Sound: A form of energy that travels through a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) as vibrations.
• Speed of Sound: Varies depending on the medium, with sound traveling fastest through solids.
• Sound Properties: Includes pitch (frequency), loudness (amplitude), and timbre (quality).

Visible Light

• Visible light: Part of the electromagnetic spectrum that humans can see.
• White Light: A combination of all colors of the visible spectrum.
• Reflection: The bouncing of light off a surface.
• Refraction: The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.

Heat and Temperature

• Heat: The transfer of thermal energy between objects at different temperatures.
• Temperature: A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles within a substance.
• Effects of Heat: Can cause expansion, melting, boiling, and changes in state of matter.

Electricity

• Current: The flow of electric charge. Measured in amperes (A).
• Voltage: The potential difference between two points in a circuit. Measured in volts (V).
• Resistance: Opposition to the flow of electric charge. Measured in ohms (Ω).
• Electric Power: The rate at which electrical energy is transferred. Measured in watts (W).
• Electric Energy: The energy associated with the flow of electric charge. Measured in joules (J) or kilowatt-hours (kWh).
• Home Circuitry: The electrical wiring system in a house, typically using parallel circuits.

Earthquakes and Faults

• Faults: Breaks in the Earth's crust where movement occurs.
• Earthquakes: Caused by the sudden release of energy along faults, producing seismic waves.
• Magnitude: A measure of the energy released by an earthquake.

Typhoons

• Typhoons: Intense tropical cyclones that form over the Pacific Ocean.
• Formation: Develop over warm ocean waters with low wind shear.
• Movement: Influenced by prevailing winds and the Coriolis effect.
• Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR): Area where the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) monitors and issues warnings about typhoons.

Comets, Meteors, and Asteroids

• Comets: Icy bodies that orbit the sun, leaving a trail of gas and dust.
• Meteors: Small particles of debris (meteoroids) entering the Earth's atmosphere and burning up.
• Asteroids: Rocky bodies that orbit the sun, mainly found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.

Matter Properties

• Particle Nature of Matter: Made up of tiny particles called atoms and molecules.
• Properties of Matter: Determined by the types of atoms and molecules present and their arrangement.
• Physical Changes: Alter the appearance of a substance but not its chemical composition.
• Chemical Changes: Changes the chemical composition of a substance.
• Mixtures: Combination of substances that are not chemically bonded.
• Substances: Pure forms of matter with a fixed composition.

Atomic Structure and Elements

• Atom: The basic unit of an element. Composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
• Atomic Number: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, defining the element.
• Periodic Table: An organized chart that lists all the known elements, arranged by atomic number and chemical properties.

Digestive System

• Digestive System: Responsible for breaking down food into nutrients the body can absorb.
• Interaction with Other Systems:
  • Circulatory System: Transports nutrients to cells.
  • Respiratory System: Provides oxygen for digestion.
  • Excretory System: Removes waste products from digestion.

Diseases and Nutrient Deficiency

• Nutrient Deficiency Diseases: Result from lack of essential nutrients in the diet.
• Harmful Substances: Can cause illness when ingested.
• Prevention and Treatment: Include proper diet, hygiene, and medical intervention.

Cell Division

• Cell Division: Process by which cells reproduce.
• Mitosis: Produces two identical daughter cells.
• Meiosis: Produces four genetically diverse daughter cells.

Genetics

• Meiosis: One of the processes that contributes to genetic variation.
• Mendelian Pattern of Inheritance: Explains how traits are passed from parents to offspring.
• Concept of Species: A group of organisms that can reproduce fertile offspring.

Taxonomy

• Hierarchical Taxonomic System: A classification system used to categorize living organisms into related groups.

Ecosystem

• Ecosystem: A community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
• One-Way Flow of Energy: Energy flows from the sun to producers, then to consumers, and eventually is lost as heat.
• Cycling of Materials: Materials such as water, carbon, and nitrogen are constantly recycled within the ecosystem.

This quiz covers key concepts from Newton's Laws of Motion, including inertia, force, and acceleration. It also explores the principles of work, power, and energy types such as kinetic and potential energy. Test your understanding of how these fundamental principles apply to various physical phenomena.