Physics Kinematics and Forces

Kinematics

• Displacement: The distance an object travels from its initial to its final position.
• Distance: The total length of the path traveled by an object.
• Speed: The distance traveled per unit time (m/s).
• Velocity: The speed of an object in a specific direction (m/s).
• Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity (m/s²).

Forces

• Gravity: A force that attracts objects with mass towards each other (F = mg).
• Friction: A force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact.
• Normal contact force: A force that acts perpendicular to the surface between two objects.
• Resultant force: The sum of all forces acting on an object.

Momentum

• Momentum: The product of an object's mass and velocity (p = mv).
• Conservation of momentum: The total momentum before a collision is equal to the total momentum after a collision.

Energy

• Kinetic energy: The energy of motion (KE = 1/2mv²).
• Potential energy: The energy an object has due to its position or state (PE = mgh).
• Conservation of energy: The total energy before a transformation is equal to the total energy after a transformation.

Waves

• Wave: A disturbance that travels through a medium.
• Frequency: The number of oscillations per second (Hz).
• Wavelength: The distance between two consecutive points on a wave.
• Speed: The distance traveled by a wave per unit time (m/s).

Electricity

• Charge: A fundamental property of matter that can be positive or negative.
• Current: The flow of charge (I = Q/t).
• Resistance: The opposition to the flow of charge (R = V/I).
• Power: The rate of energy transfer (P = V*I).

Electricity in the Home

• Series circuit: A circuit with components connected one after the other.
• Parallel circuit: A circuit with components connected between the same two points.
• Fuses: Devices that melt to break the circuit when the current exceeds a safe limit.
• Circuit breakers: Devices that automatically switch off the circuit when the current exceeds a safe limit.

Kinematics

• Displacement is the distance between an object's initial and final positions.
• Distance is the total length of the path traveled by an object.
• Speed is the distance traveled per unit time, measured in meters per second (m/s).
• Velocity is the speed of an object in a specific direction, also measured in m/s.
• Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, measured in meters per second squared (m/s²).

Forces

• Gravity is a force that attracts objects with mass towards each other, and is calculated by F = mg.
• Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact.
• Normal contact force is a force that acts perpendicular to the surface between two objects.
• Resultant force is the sum of all forces acting on an object.

Momentum

• Momentum is the product of an object's mass and velocity, calculated by p = mv.
• Conservation of momentum states that the total momentum before a collision is equal to the total momentum after a collision.

Energy

• Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, calculated by KE = 1/2mv².
• Potential energy is the energy an object has due to its position or state, calculated by PE = mgh.
• Conservation of energy states that the total energy before a transformation is equal to the total energy after a transformation.

Waves

• A wave is a disturbance that travels through a medium.
• Frequency is the number of oscillations per second, measured in Hertz (Hz).
• Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive points on a wave.
• The speed of a wave is the distance traveled by the wave per unit time, measured in meters per second (m/s).

Electricity

• Charge is a fundamental property of matter that can be positive or negative.
• Current is the flow of charge, calculated by I = Q/t.
• Resistance is the opposition to the flow of charge, calculated by R = V/I.
• Power is the rate of energy transfer, calculated by P = V*I.

Electricity in the Home

• A series circuit is a circuit with components connected one after the other.
• A parallel circuit is a circuit with components connected between the same two points.
• Fuses are devices that melt to break the circuit when the current exceeds a safe limit.
• Circuit breakers are devices that automatically switch off the circuit when the current exceeds a safe limit.