Physics I Measurements and Units Quiz

Course Information

• Course: Physics I (PHY111)
• Topic: Measurements, Units, and Dimensions
• Instructor: Dr. Shehab E. Ali
• Date: 7/10/2024

Assessment

• Final Exam: 40%
• Mid-Term Exam: 15%
• Course Work: 20%
• Practical Exam: 25%
• Reports and Assignments: 10%
• Lab and Lecture Works: 20%
• Final Lab Exam: 15%
• Total: 100%

Grading Scale

• A+: 97% and above
• A: 93% - 97%
• A-: 89% - 93%
• B+: 84% - 89%
• B: 80% - 84%
• B-: 76% - 80%
• C+: 73% - 76%
• C: 70% - 73%
• C-: 67% - 70%
• D+: 64% - 67%
• D: 60% - 64%
• F: Below 60%

Recourses

• Giambattista, A. (2020). Physics. NY: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
• Serway, R. A., Jewett, J. W., & Peroomian, V. (2019). Physics for scientists and engineers.
• https://www.ekb.eg

Course Outline

• Units and measurement
• Types of motions
• Laws of motion
• Applications of Newton's Laws
• Energy, Momentum, and Collisions
• Solids Mechanics (static equilibrium, elasticity, and mechanical properties of solids)
• Fluids Mechanics (density, pressure, viscosity, flow, and diffusion)
• Thermal Physics (Temperature, heat, and laws of thermodynamics)
• Modern Physics (Atomic and nuclear structure of matter; radioactivity; hazard and applications)

Introduction

• Why Study Physics?
• The Use of Mathematics
• Scientific Notation and Significant Figures
• Units
• Dimensional Analysis
• Approximation
• Graphs

Physics

• Branch of science dealing with nature and natural phenomena
• Deals with matter, energy, and their interactions
• Foundation of all sciences (metrology, astronomy, biology, chemistry...)
• Many technologies and medical procedures depend on physics

Physics and Measurement

• Based on experimental observations and quantitative measurements
• Objective: Find fundamental laws governing natural phenomena (e.g., gravitation law, electrostatic law, gas law) and use them to develop theories predicting future experiments
• Mathematics is the tool connecting theory and experiment

Physics and Measurement (Discrepancies)

• New theories are formulated when discrepancies between theory and experiment arise
• Theories are often satisfactory only under limited conditions
• More general theories can become satisfactory without these limitations

Classical Physics

• Theories, concepts, laws, and experiments in mechanics, thermodynamics, optics, electromagnetism developed before 1900
• Newton's contributions were significant, systematizing classical mechanics and developing calculus as a tool
• 18th-century advancements mainly in mechanics, while thermodynamics and electromagnetism developed later due to limitations in controlled experiments

Modern Physics

• Major revolution in physics near the end of the 19th century due to phenomena not explained by classical physics
• Two significant theories: relativity and quantum mechanics
• Einstein's theory of relativity: Explains motion at speeds comparable to light, fundamentally altering concepts of space, time, and energy, and establishing light as the universal speed limit
• Quantum mechanics: Describes physical phenomena at the atomic level, developed by various scientists

Relation of Physics to Other Fields

• Physics is fundamental to many other fields, including electrical engineering, chemical engineering, and mechanical engineering, as well as medicine

UNITS, STANDARDS, AND THE SI SYSTEM

• Base Quantities: Length, Time, Mass, Electric Current, Temperature, Amount of Substance, Luminous Intensity (defined in terms of standard units)
• Derived Quantities: Quantities defined in terms of base quantities (e.g., speed, acceleration)

Dimensions and Units

• Dimensions: Basic quantities (e.g., length, time, mass)
• Units: Standardized amounts of dimensions (e.g., meters, seconds, kilograms)
• SI Units: Standardized International System of units

SI Base Units

• (See Table 1.1 for details)

Prefixes

• Alternative writing method: using scientific notation
• Scientific notation: N × 10ⁿ where 1 ≤ N < 10 and n is an integer

Derived Units

• Combination of base units
• Example: Joule (energy) = 1 kg m²/s²

Converting Units

• Units can be converted freely
• Example conversions shown (e.g., inches to feet, cm, and kg to slugs, m to feet)

Converting

• Examples demonstrating conversions between different units (e.g., miles per hour to kilometers per hour and to meters per second)

The Use of Mathematics

• Variables x and y are multiplied or added; a y = mx + b format is common.
• Proportions: A is directly proportional to B: A α B
• A is inversely proportional to B: A α 1/B

Scientific Notation and Significant Figures

• Scientific notation: Represents very large or small numbers
• Example: 700,000 km = 7.0 × 10⁵ km
• Example: 0.0000000000529 m = 5.29 × 10^-11 m

Scientific Notation and Significant Figures

• Significant figures: Number of digits that represent measured values
• Rounding rules are applied during calculation (multiplication/division, addition/subtraction)

Dimensional Analysis

• Determines how a quantity depends on other quantities by analyzing their dimensions, such as length, time, or mass.

Dimensional Analysis Example

• Example problem illustrating use of dimensional analysis to determine how the period of a pendulum depends on mass, length, and acceleration due to gravity; with the units expressed as distance/time²

Approximation

• Physics problems often involve approximations as they are simplifications of real-world phenomena
• Estimates can be used to obtain satisfactory answers

Graphs

• Experimenters vary an independent variable and measure a dependent variable.
• Graphs plot the dependent variable against the independent variable.
• Axes are labeled with both the quantity and units.

Example Graphing Problem

• Example problem involves plotting and analyzing a temperature versus time graph.

Test your knowledge on measurements, units, and dimensions in Physics I (PHY111). This quiz will cover the key concepts discussed in the course, including types of motions and laws of motion. Prepare to assess your understanding of essential physics principles.