Physics Fundamentals

Study Notes

Work: Work is done when a force is applied to an object and it moves in the direction of the force.
- Unit: Joule (J)
- Formula: Work = Force x Distance (W = F x d)
Energy: Energy is the ability to do work.
- Types:
  - Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of motion
  - Potential Energy (PE): Energy of position or stored energy
- Unit: Joule (J)
- Formulae:
  - KE = (1/2)mv^2
  - PE = mgh

Contact Forces: Forces that act through physical contact between objects.
- Examples: Frictional force, Normal force, Tension force
Non-Contact Forces: Forces that act without physical contact between objects.
- Examples: Gravitational force, Magnetic force, Electrostatic force
Newton's Laws of Motion:
1. First Law (Law of Inertia): An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion, unless acted upon by an external force.
2. Second Law (F = ma): The force applied to an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration.
3. Third Law (Action and Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Types of Motion:
- Rectilinear Motion: Motion along a straight line
- Circular Motion: Motion along a circular path
- Rotational Motion: Motion around a fixed axis
Distance, Displacement, Speed, and Velocity:
- Distance: Total length of the path traversed
- Displacement: Shortest distance between the initial and final positions
- Speed: Rate of change of distance with time
- Velocity: Rate of change of displacement with time
Graphical Representation:
- Distance-Time Graph: A graph showing the distance traveled by an object with time
- Velocity-Time Graph: A graph showing the velocity of an object with time

Properties of Sound Waves:
- Amplitude: Maximum displacement of the wave from its mean position
- Frequency: Number of oscillations per second
- Wavelength: Distance between two consecutive compressions or rarefactions
- Speed: Speed of sound in a medium (approximately 343 m/s in air)
Types of Sound:
- Audible Sound: Sound waves with frequencies between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz
- Infrasound: Sound waves with frequencies below 20 Hz
- Ultrasound: Sound waves with frequencies above 20,000 Hz

Properties of Light:
- Reflection: Bouncing back of light from a surface
- Refraction: Bending of light as it passes from one medium to another
- Lateral Inversion: Reversal of left and right in an image
- Rectilinear Propagation: Light travels in a straight line
Types of Mirrors:
- Plane Mirror: A flat mirror that reflects light
- Spherical Mirror: A curved mirror that reflects light
- Concave Mirror: A mirror that converges light
- Convex Mirror: A mirror that diverges light