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Questions and Answers
What is the defining characteristic of a compound?
What is the defining characteristic of a compound?
- It contains only a single type of atom.
- It can only be formed from non-metal elements.
- It is made up of identical molecules comprised of different atoms in exact proportions. (correct)
- It consists of different atoms in varying proportions.
Which of the following compounds is formed from the combination of hydrogen and oxygen?
Which of the following compounds is formed from the combination of hydrogen and oxygen?
- Carbon dioxide (CO2)
- Methane (CH4)
- Sodium chloride (NaCl)
- Water (H2O) (correct)
What occurs during chemical bonding to form a compound?
What occurs during chemical bonding to form a compound?
- Atoms change their atomic number.
- Atoms lose all their electrons.
- Atoms repel each other.
- Atoms share or transfer electrons. (correct)
Which statement is true regarding the properties of compounds compared to their individual elements?
Which statement is true regarding the properties of compounds compared to their individual elements?
In the molecule of water (H2O), how many hydrogen atoms bond with one oxygen atom?
In the molecule of water (H2O), how many hydrogen atoms bond with one oxygen atom?
Which state of matter is characterized by a definite shape and volume?
Which state of matter is characterized by a definite shape and volume?
What is the process called when a solid turns into a gas without becoming a liquid first?
What is the process called when a solid turns into a gas without becoming a liquid first?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the center of gravity?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the center of gravity?
Which concept explains the resistance of a material to deformation under tension?
Which concept explains the resistance of a material to deformation under tension?
In static equilibrium, what condition must the sum of the forces and moments acting on an object satisfy?
In static equilibrium, what condition must the sum of the forces and moments acting on an object satisfy?
When a liquid is subjected to pressure, which principle can be used to describe its behavior?
When a liquid is subjected to pressure, which principle can be used to describe its behavior?
Which of the following describes a chemical compound?
Which of the following describes a chemical compound?
What term is used to describe the change in state from gas to solid?
What term is used to describe the change in state from gas to solid?
What type of stress develops in the direction opposite to a twist applied to a rod fixed at one end?
What type of stress develops in the direction opposite to a twist applied to a rod fixed at one end?
What phenomenon often leads to failures in components despite low externally applied stress levels?
What phenomenon often leads to failures in components despite low externally applied stress levels?
Which statement correctly describes the properties of fluids?
Which statement correctly describes the properties of fluids?
What causes a crack to originate in a material experiencing torsional stress?
What causes a crack to originate in a material experiencing torsional stress?
How can residual stress be beneficial in applications such as car windscreens?
How can residual stress be beneficial in applications such as car windscreens?
What happens to the molecular movement of solid matter when heat energy is added?
What happens to the molecular movement of solid matter when heat energy is added?
What is the primary characteristic of liquids regarding their volume and shape?
What is the primary characteristic of liquids regarding their volume and shape?
Which force is responsible for preventing liquids from expanding freely?
Which force is responsible for preventing liquids from expanding freely?
What occurs when heat energy causes a liquid to reach a point where surface tension can no longer hold its molecules?
What occurs when heat energy causes a liquid to reach a point where surface tension can no longer hold its molecules?
Which statement about the compressibility of liquids is correct?
Which statement about the compressibility of liquids is correct?
What can influence the amount of heat required to change a liquid to a gas?
What can influence the amount of heat required to change a liquid to a gas?
What happens to the volume of a material when it changes from a solid to a liquid?
What happens to the volume of a material when it changes from a solid to a liquid?
Which of the following best describes the distance between molecules in a liquid compared to a solid?
Which of the following best describes the distance between molecules in a liquid compared to a solid?
What does gauge pressure measure?
What does gauge pressure measure?
At sea level, what is the typical atmospheric pressure?
At sea level, what is the typical atmospheric pressure?
What is meant by absolute pressure?
What is meant by absolute pressure?
Why do modern aircraft maintain a cabin altitude equivalent to 8000’?
Why do modern aircraft maintain a cabin altitude equivalent to 8000’?
What is the relationship between altitude and atmospheric pressure?
What is the relationship between altitude and atmospheric pressure?
What type of pressure is displayed by tire pressure gauges?
What type of pressure is displayed by tire pressure gauges?
What happens to atmospheric pressure as the number of air molecules above an area increases?
What happens to atmospheric pressure as the number of air molecules above an area increases?
What does a differential pressure gauge measure?
What does a differential pressure gauge measure?
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Study Notes
What is Physics
- Physics is the study of the universe, energy, matter, and their interactions.
- Topics include density, time, motion, pressure, electricity, and ambient conditions.
Matter
- Matter is composed of chemicals that combine to form a variety of substances known as compounds.
- There are 109 known elements; compounds consist of molecules made from these elements.
- Examples of compounds include water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and sodium chloride (NaCl).
- Molecules in a compound are identical and composed of different atoms in specific proportions.
States of Matter
Solids
- Solids have a definite shape and volume.
- Molecules in solids are tightly packed and have limited movement.
Liquids
- Liquids have definite volume but no fixed shape; they conform to their container.
- When transitioning from solid to liquid, molecular movement increases but volume remains largely the same.
- Liquids are incompressible and maintain partial bonding known as surface tension.
Gases
- In gases, molecules move freely and are far apart; they can expand to fill any container.
- The transition from liquid to gas occurs when sufficient heat energy overcomes surface tension, allowing molecules to escape into vapor.
Mechanical Concepts
- Forces, moments, and couples interact in systems, represented as vectors.
- Mechanical advantage can be demonstrated with simple machines.
- Centre of gravity is critical in analyzing stability.
- Stress types include tension, compression, shear, and torsion.
Pressure and Buoyancy
- Pressure in fluids increases with depth and is dependent on area.
- Liquids are incompressible with constant density; gases are compressible.
- Buoyancy is the upward force experienced by objects submerged in a fluid.
Measurement of Pressure
- Atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 14.7 psi.
- Pressure gauges measure different types of pressure:
- Gauge pressure: pressure relative to atmospheric pressure.
- Absolute pressure: total pressure, including atmospheric.
- In aviation, cabin pressure is maintained at an altitude equivalent to 8000 feet (approximately 11 psi) for passenger comfort.
Residual Stress
- Internal stresses arise from abrupt temperature changes during processes like heat treatment.
- Residual stress can be beneficial as in controlled crazing in car windshields, ensuring safer performance during impacts.
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