Physics Fundamentals and Kinematics

Fundamentals

• Physical Quantities:
  • Distance (m)
  • Time (s)
  • Mass (kg)
  • Velocity (m/s)
  • Acceleration (m/s^2)
  • Force (N)
  • Energy (J)
  • Power (W)

Kinematics

• Motion:
  • Described by position, velocity, and acceleration
  • Types: translational, rotational, and oscillatory
• Displacement and Distance:
  • Displacement: shortest distance between two points
  • Distance: total length of path traveled
• Velocity and Acceleration:
  • Velocity: rate of change of displacement
  • Acceleration: rate of change of velocity

Dynamics

• Forces:
  • Types: external (gravity, friction, normal), internal (tension, air resistance)
  • Newton's First Law (Inertia): object at rest remains at rest, object in motion remains in motion
• Newton's Second Law (F=ma):
  • Force (F) is proportional to mass (m) and acceleration (a)
• Newton's Third Law (Action-Reaction):
  • Every action has an equal and opposite reaction

Energy and Work

• Energy:
  • Types: kinetic (motion), potential (stored), thermal (heat), electrical
  • Conservation of Energy: total energy remains constant
• Work:
  • Done when force is applied over a distance
  • Unit: Joule (J)

Thermodynamics

• Temperature:
  • Measure of average kinetic energy of particles
  • Units: Celsius (°C), Kelvin (K)
• Heat Transfer:
  • Types: conduction, convection, radiation
• First Law of Thermodynamics:
  • Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted

Electronics

• Electric Charge:
  • Positive (proton) and negative (electron)
  • Unit: Coulomb (C)
• Electric Current:
  • Flow of electric charge
  • Unit: Ampere (A)
• Voltage:
  • Potential difference between two points
  • Unit: Volt (V)
• Resistance:
  • Opposition to electric current
  • Unit: Ohm (Ω)

Digital Systems

• Binary Number System:
  • Base 2, using 0 and 1
  • Used in computer systems for representation and processing
• Logic Gates:
  • Basic building blocks of digital circuits
  • Types: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR
• Circuits:
  • Combinations of logic gates and other components
  • Used to perform complex operations and functions

Fundamentals

• Physical quantities are used to describe the physical world
• Seven fundamental physical quantities: distance (m), time (s), mass (kg), velocity (m/s), acceleration (m/s^2), force (N), energy (J), and power (W)

Kinematics

• Motion is described by position, velocity, and acceleration
• There are three types of motion: translational, rotational, and oscillatory
• Displacement is the shortest distance between two points, while distance is the total length of path traveled
• Velocity is the rate of change of displacement, and acceleration is the rate of change of velocity

Dynamics

• Forces can be external (gravity, friction, normal) or internal (tension, air resistance)
• Newton's First Law states that an object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion, unless acted upon by an external force
• Newton's Second Law states that force (F) is proportional to mass (m) and acceleration (a), or F = ma
• Newton's Third Law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction

Energy and Work

• Energy comes in four types: kinetic (motion), potential (stored), thermal (heat), and electrical
• The total energy of a closed system remains constant, as stated by the Law of Conservation of Energy
• Work is done when a force is applied over a distance, and is measured in Joules (J)

Thermodynamics

• Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles, and is measured in Celsius (°C) or Kelvin (K)
• Heat transfer occurs through conduction, convection, and radiation
• The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted

Electronics

• Electric charge comes in two types: positive (proton) and negative (electron), and is measured in Coulombs (C)
• Electric current is the flow of electric charge, and is measured in Amperes (A)
• Voltage is the potential difference between two points, and is measured in Volts (V)
• Resistance is the opposition to electric current, and is measured in Ohms (Ω)

Digital Systems

• The binary number system uses base 2, with 0 and 1, and is used in computer systems for representation and processing
• Logic gates are the basic building blocks of digital circuits, and come in five types: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, and XOR
• Circuits combine logic gates and other components to perform complex operations and functions