Physics Fundamentals

Thermodynamics

• Laws of Thermodynamics:
  • Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
  • First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.
  • Second Law: The total entropy of a closed system always increases over time.
  • Third Law: As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, its entropy approaches a minimum value.
• Thermodynamic Systems:
  • Isolated System: No energy or matter can be exchanged with the surroundings.
  • Closed System: Energy can be exchanged with the surroundings, but not matter.
  • Open System: Both energy and matter can be exchanged with the surroundings.
• Thermodynamic Properties:
  • Temperature (T): Measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a system.
  • Internal Energy (U): Total energy of a system, including kinetic energy, potential energy, and potential energy associated with molecular interactions.
  • Entropy (S): Measure of the disorder or randomness of a system.

Dinamika Rotasi (Rotational Dynamics)

• Rotational Kinematics:
  • Angular Displacement (θ): Angle through which an object rotates.
  • Angular Velocity (ω): Rate of change of angular displacement.
  • Angular Acceleration (α): Rate of change of angular velocity.
• Rotational Kinetics:
  • Torque (τ): Rotational force that causes an object to rotate.
  • Rotational Kinetic Energy (K): Energy of an object due to its rotational motion.
  • Rotational Inertia (I): Measure of an object's resistance to changes in its rotational motion.

Fluida Statis dan Dinamis (Fluid Statics and Dynamics)

• Fluid Statics:
  • Pressure (P): Force per unit area exerted by a fluid on a surface.
  • Pascal's Law: Pressure is transmitted equally in all directions throughout a fluid.
  • Archimedes' Principle: The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
• Fluid Dynamics:
  • Bernoulli's Principle: The pressure of a fluid decreases as its velocity increases.
  • Continuity Equation: The rate of mass flow into a system is equal to the rate of mass flow out of the system.
  • Torricelli's Law: The velocity of a fluid flowing out of a small hole is proportional to the square root of the pressure difference.

Kalor (Heat)

• Heat Transfer:
  • Conduction: Transfer of heat between objects in physical contact.
  • Convection: Transfer of heat through the movement of fluids.
  • Radiation: Transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves.
• Heat Capacity:
  • Specific Heat Capacity (c): Amount of heat required to change the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by a unit temperature.
  • Latent Heat: Heat required to change the state of a substance (e.g. melting or boiling).

Getaran dan Gelombang (Vibration and Waves)

• Vibration:
  • Periodic Motion: Motion that repeats itself at regular intervals.
  • Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM): Periodic motion where the acceleration is proportional to the displacement.
  • Damping: Reduction of amplitude of vibration due to friction or other external forces.
• Waves:
  • Types of Waves: Mechanical, Electromagnetic, and Quantum Waves.
  • Wave Properties: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength, and Speed.
  • Superposition: The principle that two or more waves can overlap to form a new wave pattern.