Physics for Nursing: Measurements and Importance

Physics

• Physics is the scientific study of matter and its relation to energy
• Energy can manifest as motion, light, electricity, radiation, gravity, etc.

Importance of Physics in Nursing

• Physics is significant because it underlies phenomena like light curves, sound, and the science behind X-rays, CAT scans, Sonograms, and MRIs
• A comprehension of nuclear medicine is essential for treating cancer patients.
• It enhances nurses' abilities to provide direct patient care
• Essential for lifting patients and ensuring patient comfort

Measurements in Physics

• Measurements in science and nursing quantify and gauge phenomena. Nursing and physics use related terms that are not merely definitions

Seven Fundamental Units

• Mass is measured in Kilograms (Kg)
• Time is measured in Seconds (s)
• Length is measured in meters (m)
• Temperature is measured in Kelvin (K)
• Luminous Intensity: Candela (Cd)
• Electric Current is measured in Ampere (A)
• Amount of Substance: Mole (mol)

Simple Conversions

• Kilo = 1000
• Milli = 1/1000
• Centi = 1/100
• Deci = 1/10
• 10 mm = 1 cm
• 10 cm = 100mm
• 100 cm = 1 m = 1000 mm
• 1000 m = 1 km
• 10 mm = 1 cm
• 100 mm = 10 cm
• 100 cm = 1 m
• 1 mile = 1.6093 km
• 1 yard = 0.9144 m
• 1 yard = 0.9 m
• 1 in = 2.54 cm
• 1 L = 10^-3 m^3 = 0.22 gallons

Temperature and Heat

• Temperature is the measure of average kinetic energy per atom due to random motion
• Water freezes at 0°C = 32°F
• Water boils at 100°C = 212°F
• Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature where heat energy is absent
• At absolute zero, there is no motion and no heat
• Absolute zero occurs at 0 degrees Kelvin, -273.15°C, or -460 degrees Fahrenheit

Temperature Conversion Formulas

• Converting Celsius to Fahrenheit: F = (9/5 x C) + 32
• Converting Fahrenheit to Celsius: C = 5/9 x (F - 32)
• Kelvin = °C + 273

Energy Types

• Measures the kinetic energy of each atom
• Thermal energy measure the total amount of random kinetic energy of all the atoms in the object
• Heat is thermal energy in motion.
• The unit for heat or thermal energy: Joule (J) in physics/engineering; Calorie in chemistry

Heat Formulas

• F = 9/5 (C) + 32
• F = 360 + 32 = 392

Levers and Pulleys

• Simple machines work to balance multiple forces, enhance force (power), balance the range of motion, and/or alter the resulting direction of an applied force

Mechanical Advantage (MA)

• Ratio of output force to input force
• MA = Output force/work output / Input force/work input

Lever Classes

• Class 1 Lever: As force arm shortens, more force is needed to overcome resistance
• Class 2 Lever: Resistance is halfway between axis and force, MA of 2
• Examples of Levers in the Human Body: Limbs, Spinal Columns, Jaws etc.

Lever Formulas

• Effort x Length of effort arm = Load x Length of load arm
• Force x distance = resistance x distance
• MA = Load/Resistance (Load Force) / Effort (Force)
• MA = Length of force arm / Length of resistance arm

Density and Specific Gravity

• Density: P = mass / volume (Kg/m3)
• Water at 4°C has density 1 g/cm³ = 1000 kg/m³
• Specific Gravity = Density / Density of water

Pressure in a Fluid

• Formula: P = Force/Area = p * g * h

Blood Pressure

• Force exerted by blood against vessel walls
• Measured in mm Hg
• 100 mmHg is force needed to push a Hg column to 100 mm

Fluids in Motion

• Rate of flow equals rate of perfusion
• Streamline/laminar flow occurs when fluid flow is smooth
• Turbulent flow occurs above a certain speed and includes eddies
• Examples: smoke out of chimney, air behind moving car
• Initial forces / Viscous forces

Refraction

• Sudden change in wave direction as it moves from one medium to another

Refractive Index (n)

• n = c / v, where c = speed of light, v = velocity, and n = refractive index

Snell's Values

• Maintaining good relationships, respect, tolerance, maintaining friendships

Laminar Flow

• All parts on fluid move parallel to walls of tube

Colors of visible light (arranged by)

• Increasing energy: Red < Orange < Yellow < Green < Blue < Indigo < Violet
• Increasing frequency: Red < Orange < Yellow < Green < Blue < Indigo < Violet
• Increasing wavelength: Violet < Indigo < Blue < Green < Yellow < Orange < Red

Blood Pressure

• Convert 183°F to °C = 83.9°C
• Convert 113°C to F = 235.4°F

Mechanical Advantage

• Load/Effort = 60N/20N = 3N
• A1 = 3.142(0.3m^2) = 0.28m^2

Equations of Continuity

• A1V1 = A2V2
• If velocity increases, pressure decreases (and vice versa)

Refractive Index (n)

• Given refractive index in glass = 1.54, find the speed of light in glass
• Given, find Er or n
• Real depth/Apparent depth

Lenses

Focal Length (f)

• Distance of separation between the focus and the optical center
• f is positive the for converging lens/negative for diverging lens

Lenses

• Light rays are parallel to the axis.

Parts of Lenses

• Converging lens blends light
• Diverging lens diverges it
• When an object is positioned between the optical center and focal point, the image is formed at the back of the lens

Characterisitcs of an Image

• Distances: Object (do) / Image (di)
• A virtual image cannot be obtained on a screen and is made up of apparent rays
• Areal image cqn be made on a screen and are formed by the actual intesection of light

Structure of an Atom

• Atoms are composed of protons (+ charge), neutrons (neutral charge) and electrons (- charge)
• Protons and Neutrons are composed of quarks

Ohm's Law

• States that potential difference across a metallic conductor directly proportional to current at constant temperature
• V = IR, where V = potential difference, I = current (A), and R = resistance (Ω)

Electrical Current Types

• Direct Current (DC): Dry cell, solar panels, car batteries
• Alternating Current (AC): National grid, generators

Resistors

• Two Main Styles
• Series: R1 + R2+ R3
• Parallel: 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

Trial Exam Questions

• kW to Watts Trial exam questions for kW to Watts conversion
• Calculation of costs of consumed light

Atom Structure

• There Nucleons present protons, neutrons, and electrons

Electrical Definitions

• Speed of light: ƒ = wave/ ƒ = frequency = wavelength -Electromagnetic Wavelength

Power of Atoms

-Power is the amount a wave can take a power level

• Energy can be calculated by plank or velocity

Bosh's Model of Atoms

• Atoms have a massive nucleus and electrons surrounding it
• The angular momentum is an integral multiply of ħi
• E2-E1 = hf
• f = E / h
• f = Energy

Production of X-Rays

• Electrons emitted pass through the tungsten filament and hit the copper anode
• The bulb bulb evades any outside molecules and the rays
• Electromagnetic Waves: Two distinct processes take place. Some of the Electron are slowed down or stopped and this creates a "bermstraluag",
• The secondary proccess excites the atom and if returns back ground state emits an X-Ray photons of energy

Alpha Decay

• When nuclei decays the numbers of nuclear are preserved by Alpha Decay

Decay Types

• Beta Decay: A Nucleus is damaged and releases an elector/particelle
• Gamma Decay: Nucleus released an electron wave.
• Half Life: The amount for it to decay back to original state.

Power of the Lense

• Power = 1/ (metres) Focal

Other definitions

• Radiation can be used for x-ray, Cancer treat
• Mass index bmi = power/ height

Health informatics

• megabytes measure the clock speed in compnents
• Knowledge: a measure of understanding in memory components
• general function of a central power unit is to allow data in computer components
• Benefits of implementing safety through health records 1 prevent patients from un authourized safety measure
• An operation can test a database for safety
• Health refers to portable Health. Health and support helps better decsions Archiving can help store record digitally

Database Safety

• Ensure unique and safe keys
• Telemethod can allow the health industry to connect

Computer Science

• Arithmetic Logic Unit is in the CPU for calculations
• Time spent studying makes it data driven.