Physics: Energy and Its Forms

Study Notes

Types of Energy:
- Kinetic Energy (KE): energy of motion
- Potential Energy (PE): energy of position or stored energy
- Thermal Energy: energy of heat
- Electrical Energy: energy of moving charges
- Chemical Energy: energy stored in chemicals
- Nuclear Energy: energy stored in atomic nuclei
Law of Conservation of Energy:
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another
- Total energy of an isolated system remains constant

Types of Forces:
- Contact Forces: forces that act through physical contact (e.g. friction, normal force)
- Non-Contact Forces: forces that act without physical contact (e.g. gravitational force, magnetic force)
Newton's Laws of Motion:
1. First Law (Law of Inertia):
  - An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue to move with a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external force
2. Second Law (F = ma):
  - The force applied to an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration
3. Third Law (Action and Reaction):
  - For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Characteristics of Gases:
- Gases have neither fixed shape nor fixed volume
- Gases are highly compressible
- Gases expand to fill their containers
- Gases have low density and high molecular mobility
Gas Laws:
- Boyle's Law: P1V1 = P2V2 (pressure and volume are inversely proportional)
- Charles' Law: V1/T1 = V2/T2 (volume and temperature are directly proportional)
- Avogadro's Law: V1/N1 = V2/N2 (volume and number of moles of gas are directly proportional)
- Ideal Gas Equation: PV = nRT (relates pressure, volume, number of moles, and temperature of an ideal gas)

Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion, measured in joules (J)
Potential Energy is the energy of position or stored energy, including gravitational, elastic, and electrical potential energy
Thermal Energy is the energy of heat, transferred through conduction, convection, or radiation
Electrical Energy is the energy of moving charges, generated by electromagnetic forces
Chemical Energy is the energy stored in chemicals, released through chemical reactions
Nuclear Energy is the energy stored in atomic nuclei, released through nuclear reactions
The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another
Total energy of an isolated system remains constant, according to the Law of Conservation of Energy

Contact Forces include friction, normal force, and tension, which act through physical contact
Non-Contact Forces include gravitational force, magnetic force, and electric force, which act without physical contact
Newton's First Law of Motion states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue to move with a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external force
Newton's Second Law of Motion states that the force applied to an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration (F = ma)
Newton's Third Law of Motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Gases have neither fixed shape nor fixed volume, and can expand to fill their containers
Gases are highly compressible, meaning their volume can be reduced by applying pressure
Gases have low density and high molecular mobility, allowing them to diffuse and mix easily
Boyle's Law states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional (P1V1 = P2V2)
Charles' Law states that volume and temperature are directly proportional (V1/T1 = V2/T2)
Avogadro's Law states that volume and number of moles of gas are directly proportional (V1/N1 = V2/N2)
The Ideal Gas Equation relates pressure, volume, number of moles, and temperature of an ideal gas (PV = nRT)