Physics: Energy and Its Forms

Energy

• Types of Energy:
  • Kinetic Energy (KE): energy of motion
  • Potential Energy (PE): energy of position or stored energy
  • Thermal Energy: energy of heat
  • Electrical Energy: energy of moving charges
  • Chemical Energy: energy stored in chemicals
  • Nuclear Energy: energy stored in atomic nuclei
• Law of Conservation of Energy:
  • Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another
  • Total energy of an isolated system remains constant

Forces

• Types of Forces:
  • Contact Forces: forces that act through physical contact (e.g. friction, normal force)
  • Non-Contact Forces: forces that act without physical contact (e.g. gravitational force, magnetic force)
• Newton's Laws of Motion:
  1. First Law (Law of Inertia):
     • An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue to move with a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external force
  2. Second Law (F = ma):
     • The force applied to an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration
  3. Third Law (Action and Reaction):
     • For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Behaviour of Gases

• Characteristics of Gases:
  • Gases have neither fixed shape nor fixed volume
  • Gases are highly compressible
  • Gases expand to fill their containers
  • Gases have low density and high molecular mobility
• Gas Laws:
  • Boyle's Law: P1V1 = P2V2 (pressure and volume are inversely proportional)
  • Charles' Law: V1/T1 = V2/T2 (volume and temperature are directly proportional)
  • Avogadro's Law: V1/N1 = V2/N2 (volume and number of moles of gas are directly proportional)
  • Ideal Gas Equation: PV = nRT (relates pressure, volume, number of moles, and temperature of an ideal gas)

Energy

• Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion, measured in joules (J)
• Potential Energy is the energy of position or stored energy, including gravitational, elastic, and electrical potential energy
• Thermal Energy is the energy of heat, transferred through conduction, convection, or radiation
• Electrical Energy is the energy of moving charges, generated by electromagnetic forces
• Chemical Energy is the energy stored in chemicals, released through chemical reactions
• Nuclear Energy is the energy stored in atomic nuclei, released through nuclear reactions
• The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another
• Total energy of an isolated system remains constant, according to the Law of Conservation of Energy

Forces

• Contact Forces include friction, normal force, and tension, which act through physical contact
• Non-Contact Forces include gravitational force, magnetic force, and electric force, which act without physical contact
• Newton's First Law of Motion states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue to move with a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external force
• Newton's Second Law of Motion states that the force applied to an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration (F = ma)
• Newton's Third Law of Motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Behaviour of Gases

• Gases have neither fixed shape nor fixed volume, and can expand to fill their containers
• Gases are highly compressible, meaning their volume can be reduced by applying pressure
• Gases have low density and high molecular mobility, allowing them to diffuse and mix easily
• Boyle's Law states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional (P1V1 = P2V2)
• Charles' Law states that volume and temperature are directly proportional (V1/T1 = V2/T2)
• Avogadro's Law states that volume and number of moles of gas are directly proportional (V1/N1 = V2/N2)
• The Ideal Gas Equation relates pressure, volume, number of moles, and temperature of an ideal gas (PV = nRT)