Physics Chapter on Train Motion and Velocity

Unit 2: Motion

• Physical movement can be measured and understood to ensure safety.
• Identify motion and forces in sports and other areas.
• Review motion concepts.

Vernier Graphical Analysis

• Open 'Manager' on computer and install Vernier Graphical Analysis.

Data Collection

• Connect motion sensor to LabQuest Mini and then to computer.
• Choose 'sensor data collection' in Graphical Analysis.
• Collect data from Vernier sensors.

Add Graph Match

• Start with a position graph.
• Use 'Add Graph Match' function.

Reading the Graph

• The graph displays a train's velocity over time.
• Understand velocity changes and directions.
• Match velocity to each time point on the provided graph.

Challenge Levels

• Level 1 (Novice): Match graph from screen.
• Level 2 (Intermediate): Partner gives instructions.
• Level 3 (Expert): Study screen, make notes, match graph. Use tools
• Level 4 (Genius): Match graphs using velocity graphs.

Motion Graphing Stories

• Examine how motion can be displayed on graphs.
• Scientists use graphs to visualize motion.
• Create your own motion graphs, checking your solutions.

Reading the Graph (Answers)

• Match velocities to specific time intervals on the graph.

Reading the Graph 2 (Answers)

• Determine the corresponding time values for each specific velocity.

Telling the Story (Graphs)

• Understand a graph plotting Sammy's journey to the shops.
• Analyze Sammy's movement patterns (i.e. acceleration and stopping).

Telling the Story (Graph 2)

• Analyze a graph that represents Sammy's walking journey.

Acceleration

• A measure of how speed changes over time.
• Calculated using ∆v / ∆t (change in velocity over change in time)
• Can be determined from a velocity-time graph.

Acceleration - Situations

• The changing velocity of vehicles depicted in diagrams.
• Constant speed (No acceleration).
• Speeding up (Positive acceleration).
• Slowing down (Negative acceleration).

Acceleration (Calculations)

• Example velocity-time graphs and calculations.
• Equations and units.

Thinking About Acceleration

• Comparing acceleration between moving objects.
• Based on given speed and time intervals.

Slowing Down and Speeding Up

• Look at experiments conducted using motion sensors.
• Observe changing motion.

See Think Wonder

• Explore concepts by observing, thinking, and questioning.
• Involve careful observation and thoughtful exploration.

Forces Affecting Motion

• Forces can push or pull objects.
• Calculating the resultant force, which is the sum of forces acting.

Types of Forces

• Various forces exist, categorized as contact or non-contact.

Force Diagrams

• Forces are visually represented as arrows, originating at an object's center of mass.
• Direction is determined by the arrowhead.
• Magnitude (size) is indicated by the arrow's length.
• Standard unit of force is newtons (N).

How to Calculate Resultant Force

• Find the sum of forces, considering directions (e.g. Up or Down).

Effect of Resultant Force on Movement

• Zero resultant force: Object remains stationary or moves at a constant speed.
• Non-zero resultant force: Acceleration, deceleration, or change in direction.

Calculating Resultant Force (Questions)

• Evaluate the overall force acting on objects.

What Happens Next?

• Analyze forces acting to determine the resulting movement of objects.

Reading Task

• Read and take notes on forces in action, including diagrams and key terms.

Who Wants to Skydive?

• Analyze forces and acceleration during a skydiving sequence. Draw a diagram.

Newton's Laws of Motion

• Overview of Newton's three laws of motion.

Newton's First Law

• Explains how rest or constant motion maintains itself without external force.

Newton's Second Law

• Describes how force, mass, and acceleration relate to one another.

Newton's Third Law

• Describes interactions between objects with equal and opposite forces.

Movement, Safety & Sports

• Review car safety features and relate them to forces and energy principles.
• Practice calculating force using Newton's second law.

What Features Do Our Cars Have?

• Identify common safety features found in modern vehicles.
• These absorb kinetic energy during collisions.

Why Are Cars Built to Crumple?

• To absorb kinetic energy, reducing the force of impact in a crash

How Have Our Cars Improved Over the Years?

• Study the improvements in vehicle safety designs over time.

Understanding Car Crashes - Basic Physics

• Outline the basic physical principles associated with vehicle collisions.

Task

• Complete exercises, including explanations of common safety features (seat belts, airbags, and crumple zones) in modern vehicles.

Self-Assessment

• Apply knowledge on acceleration and force to predict the effects of collisions.

Collisions in Sports

• Analyze the physics of sports-related collisions to reduce injuries.
• Use data collection and analysis skills for this purpose.

School Sports & Injuries

• Review stats for injuries due to common sports activities.

Calculating Kinetic and Potential Energy

• Calculate kinetic and potential energy for given scenarios.
• Identify scenarios with high energy potential.

Kinetic Energy

• Energy possessed by objects due to their motion.

Gravitational Potential Energy

• Energy objects possess due to their location within a gravitational field.

Energy in Motion

• Discuss relationships between kinetic and potential energy.

Energy Transformations

• Summarize the changes in energy during activities.

Friction Increases

• Analyze the effects of increasing friction in systems.

Skate Park Simulation

• Use a simulation of a skate park to recognize transformations between kinetic and gravitational potential energy during motion.

Plenary

• Review examples of forces, movements, and magnitudes in diagrams.

Balanced or Unbalanced Forces

• Determine balanced and unbalanced forces in various scenarios, based on examples given.