Physics Chapter on Motion and Forces
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Questions and Answers

What differentiates displacement from distance?

  • Displacement takes direction into account. (correct)
  • Displacement only considers linear distance.
  • Displacement is always larger than distance.
  • Displacement measures the total length traveled.

Which statement accurately describes speed?

  • Speed is independent of the path taken. (correct)
  • Speed is a vector quantity that includes direction.
  • Speed is the average of total displacement over time.
  • Speed cannot be calculated without direction.

How is average velocity calculated?

  • Total displacement divided by total time. (correct)
  • Total displacement divided by total distance.
  • Total distance divided by total time.
  • Total speed divided by total distance.

Which of the following best defines uniform motion in a straight line?

<p>Motion with constant speed in one direction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'mechanical advantage'?

<p>The ratio of load force to effort force in a machine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes periodic motion?

<p>Motion that oscillates back and forth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does resonance have on a vibrating system?

<p>It increases the amplitude of the vibrations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is average speed usually greater than average velocity?

<p>When an object experiences changes in direction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Newton's Third Law of motion state?

<p>For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to a mass in circular motion if the string breaks?

<p>It follows a straight line tangent to the circle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula relates centripetal force to mass and velocity for circular motion?

<p>F = mω²r. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the term 'equal' in Newton's Third Law?

<p>It refers to equal force size. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with components rotating at high speeds?

<p>They may fly apart if exceeding maximum RPM. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will a mass exhibit in circular motion due to a continuous inward force?

<p>Constant acceleration and change of direction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does centripetal force play in circular motion?

<p>It changes the direction of velocity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe negative acceleration?

<p>Deceleration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the direction of velocity for an object in circular motion?

<p>It changes constantly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents Newton's First Law of Motion?

<p>A body will remain at rest unless acted upon by a force. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is average acceleration calculated?

<p>By dividing the change in velocity by the change in time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Newton's Second Law relate force to?

<p>Force is directly proportional to acceleration and inversely proportional to mass. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the formula $F = ma$, what does 'm' represent?

<p>Mass of the object (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an object's acceleration if the mass is increased while keeping the force constant?

<p>Acceleration decreases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about inertia is true?

<p>Inertia is a property that resists changes in motion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a net external force acts on an object, what is likely to occur?

<p>The object will accelerate in the direction of the force. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the restoring force exhibited by a spring?

<p>It tends to bring the spring back to its original length. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the natural period of oscillation defined for an oscillator?

<p>The time it takes to make one complete cycle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of amplitude on period?

<p>The period is independent of the amplitude. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a frequency measure in the context of oscillatory motion?

<p>The number of cycles per second. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between period (T) and frequency (f)?

<p>They are inversely related: T = 1/f. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to oscillations over time due to friction?

<p>They gradually decrease in motion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the period of a pendulum affected by its amplitude?

<p>The period remains constant regardless of amplitude. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do dampers have in oscillatory systems?

<p>They reduce the motion over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the period of oscillation for a swing depend on?

<p>The length of the chain of the swing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause vibration in an aircraft?

<p>Worn hinges or linkages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does resonance refer to in the context of vibrating objects?

<p>The transfer of wave energy between objects of similar frequencies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes harmonics?

<p>They exist as multiples of the original natural frequency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can constant vibration in an aircraft have?

<p>It can lead to structural damage and component wear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the natural frequency of an object?

<p>It is the frequency at which an object vibrates after applying force (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of vibration mentioned in the context of aircraft?

<p>Air pressure changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when two objects with the same natural frequency are connected?

<p>They can transfer wave energy to each other (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the IMA of a simple pulley system represent?

<p>The number of strands supporting the load (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the wheel and axle, how is IMA calculated?

<p>By dividing the input diameter by the output diameter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the variable 'p' represent in the IMA formula for a screw jack?

<p>Pitch of the screw (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the IMA of an inclined plane determined?

<p>By the ratio of the distance moved along the incline to the height (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of the hydraulic press as described?

<p>It increases force by comparing radii of two cylinders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a characteristic limitation of the screw jack?

<p>It often experiences high friction and low efficiency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not play a role in determining the IMA of a simple pulley system?

<p>The weight of the load (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanical advantage gained by using an inclined plane?

<p>It reduces the required input force by increasing the distance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Newton's 3rd Law

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Circular Motion

An object moving in a circle needs a constant force towards the center to keep moving in this circle.

Centripetal Force

The force that keeps an object moving in a circle.

Velocity Vector

A vector that represents both the speed and direction of an object in motion.

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Tangent

A line that touches a curve at one point, but doesn't cross it.

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Centrifugal Force

Force that appears to push outward when something is rotating

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Components in Circular Motion

Parts of a rotating system, high speed, large mass and large radius

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Centripetal Force Equation

F = mv²/r or F= mω²r

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Displacement

An object's position relative to its starting point, considering direction.

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Distance

The total length traveled by an object, regardless of direction.

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Speed

Distance traveled per unit of time (scalar quantity).

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Velocity

Displacement per unit of time (vector quantity).

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Average speed

Total distance divided by total time.

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Average velocity

Total displacement divided by total time.

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Scalar quantity

A quantity that has only magnitude (size), not direction.

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Vector quantity

A quantity with both magnitude and direction.

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Elasticity

The ability of a material to return to its original shape after being deformed.

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Restoring Force

A force that acts to return a deformed object to its original shape.

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Hooke's Law

A law that states that the force exerted by a spring is proportional to its displacement from its equilibrium position.

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Amplitude

The maximum displacement of an object from its equilibrium position during oscillation.

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Period (T)

The time it takes for one complete cycle of oscillation.

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Frequency (f)

The number of oscillations that occur in one second.

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Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

A type of periodic motion where the restoring force is proportional to the displacement from equilibrium.

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Dampers

Devices that reduce the amplitude of oscillations by dissipating energy.

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Acceleration

The rate of change in velocity, which can be positive (increase) or negative (decrease, deceleration).

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Average acceleration

Calculated by dividing the change in velocity by the time taken for the change.

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Newton's First Law

A body at rest stays at rest, or a body moving in a straight line at a constant speed will move at that speed, unless an external force acts upon it.

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Inertia

The property of matter that resists changes in motion.

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Newton's Second Law

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force applied to it and inversely proportional to its mass.

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Linear motion

Motion along a straight line.

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Momentum

The quantity of motion an object possesses, which depends on its mass and velocity.

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Deceleration

Negative acceleration; a decrease in velocity.

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What is vibration?

Vibration is a type of periodic motion with high frequency. Objects vibrate unless their temperature is reduced to absolute zero.

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Why is vibration a concern in aircraft?

Vibration in aircraft can arise from engines, turbulence, or control systems. It can be annoying and lead to structural damage.

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What is natural frequency?

The frequency at which an object naturally vibrates after an initial force is applied.

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What is resonance?

Transfer of energy between two objects with the same natural frequency, causing one to vibrate the other.

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What are harmonics?

Multiples of the natural frequency of an object.

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Does a swing's period depend on its mass?

No, the period of a swing's oscillation depends only on the length of the chain, not the mass of the person on it.

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What determines a swing's oscillation period?

The period of the swing's oscillation is determined by the length of the chain.

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What happens when something vibrates at its natural frequency?

When an object vibrates at its natural frequency, it is most likely to resonate with other objects with the same natural frequency.

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Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA)

The ratio of the distance the input force moves to the distance the output force moves. It represents the maximum force amplification possible for a simple machine, assuming no energy loss due to friction.

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IMA of a Pulley System

The number of strands supporting the load in a pulley system.

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IMA of a Wheel and Axle

The ratio of the radius of the wheel to the radius of the axle.

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IMA of an Inclined Plane

The ratio of the length of the inclined plane to its height.

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IMA of a Screw Jack

The ratio of the circumference of the screw to its pitch.

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IMA of a Hydraulic Press

The square of the ratio of the piston diameters.

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Mechanical Advantage (MA)

The ratio of the output force to the input force. It represents the actual force amplification achieved by a simple machine, considering friction.

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Efficiency

The ratio of the output work to the input work. It represents the percentage of energy transferred without loss due to friction.

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Study Notes

Module: B-2 Physics, Topic 2.2.2: Kinetics

  • Kinetics is the study of motion, including aspects of linear, rotational, periodic, and pendular movement.

  • Displacement is the position of an object relative to its origin. Distance is the total length travelled. Displacement considers direction; distance does not.

  • Speed is a scalar quantity representing distance travelled per unit of time.

  • Velocity is a vector quantity representing displacement per unit of time, including direction.

  • Acceleration is the rate of change in velocity. It can be positive (increasing velocity), negative (decreasing velocity, also called deceleration), or zero (constant velocity). Average acceleration is calculated by dividing the change in velocity by the total time. Formulas include a = Δv/Δt = (v-u)/t, where 'v' is final velocity, 'u' is initial velocity and 't' is time.

Linear Motion

  • Formulas for linear motion include:
  • s = vt - (1/2)at²
  • s = ut + (1/2)at²
  • v = u + at
  • v² = u² + 2as

Newton's Laws of Motion

  • Newton's First Law: A body in rest or uniform motion will remain so until acted upon by an external force. Acceleration will be zero in the absence of an external force. This is Inertia—the resistance to changes in motion.

  • Newton's Second Law: Acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force applied and inversely proportional to the mass of the body. F = ma (force equals mass multiplied by acceleration).

  • Newton's Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Circular Motion

  • A mass moving in a circle needs a constant centripetal force directed towards the center to maintain its circular motion.

  • Centrifugal force is the apparent outward force experienced by an object in circular motion.

  • Centripetal force = mv²/r= mω²r, where:

  • m=mass

  • v=velocity

  • ω=angular velocity

  • r=radius

Periodic Motion (Simple Harmonic Motion)

  • Periodic motion is motion that repeats over time.

  • Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) occurs when a force directed toward an equilibrium position is proportional to the displacement.

  • Amplitude is the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position.

  • Period is the time it takes for one complete cycle.

  • Frequency is the number of cycles per second.

Mechanical Advantage and Efficiency

  • Mechanical advantage is the ratio of output force to input force, or of output distance to input distance in a simple machine.

  • Efficiency is the ratio of output work to input work, expressed as a percentage.

  • Input work is always greater than the output work for a mechanical system due to friction.

Other Topics

  • Different types of machinery (pulleys, wheel and axle, inclined planes, screw jacks and hydraulic presses are key components with their calculation of mechanical advantage and/or efficiency.

  • In aircraft there are components that are subjected to centrifugal stress, including gas turbine engines, propellers, and helicopter rotors.

  • Vibration is a high-frequency periodic motion of components. Resonance occurs when two objects have the same natural frequency, and transfer energy to each other.

  • Harmonics are multiples of a fundamental natural frequency.

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B-2 Physics: Kinetics PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts in physics related to motion and forces, including displacement, distance, speed, velocity, and Newton's laws. Test your understanding of uniform motion, mechanical advantage, periodic motion, and circular motion dynamics. Perfect for students seeking to solidify their grasp on these fundamental principles.

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