Physics Chapter on Momentum

Questions and Answers

What determines the chemical behavior of an atom?

The number of electrons in the outermost shell

The number of neutrons

The mass number of the atom

The number of protons (correct)

Which particle is located in the nucleus of an atom?

Neutron

Electron

Both B and C (correct)

Proton

What is the relative mass of a neutron compared to a proton?

Equal to a proton (correct)

Cannot be compared directly

Greater than a proton

Less than a proton

What formula helps determine the maximum number of electrons in a shell?

2n^2 Signup and view all the answers

How does the outermost electron shell relate to the periodic table?

It determines the group in the periodic table Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about isotopes?

They have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of an electron?

-1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the outermost shell?

8 Signup and view all the answers

What does Newton's First Law of Motion state about the motion of a body?

A body will remain in motion unless acted upon by a net force. Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating momentum?

p = mv Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the unit for work in the International System of Units (SI)?

Joule (J) Signup and view all the answers

According to Newton's Second Law, how is force defined?

Force is the mass of an object times its acceleration. Signup and view all the answers

What does the symbol 'p' represent in the context of momentum?

Momentum Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between work and force?

Work is the product of force and distance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the British unit for force?

Pound-force (lbf) Signup and view all the answers

What is power defined as in physics?

The rate at which work is performed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of radioactive half-life?

The time required for a quantity of radioactivity to be reduced to one-half its original value. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following isotopes has the longest half-life?

Carbon-14 (C-14) Signup and view all the answers

What does the formula 'Activity Remaining = Original Activity (0.5)^n' represent?

The radioactive decay law that calculates remaining activity over half-lives. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with photons?

Has mass and charge Signup and view all the answers

What is TRUE regarding particulate radiation?

It has a finite range in matter. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes x-rays from gamma rays?

Their origin. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of radiation has no mass and no charge?

X-rays Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about ionizing radiation is FALSE?

Only alpha particles are classified as ionizing radiation. Signup and view all the answers

Which substance has the highest mass density among the listed options?

Lead Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary interaction responsible for the complete disappearance of x-rays?

Photoelectric interaction Signup and view all the answers

Which examination combines two contrast agents, air and barium?

Double Contrast Examination Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called that describes the total reduction in the number of x-rays remaining in an x-ray beam?

Attenuation Signup and view all the answers

Which technique produces high-contrast radiographs of the organs in the gastrointestinal tract?

Low-kVp Technique Signup and view all the answers

Which scattering process involves partial absorption of x-rays?

Compton effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the constituent of mass density that has a value of 320 kg/m3?

Lung Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the removal of x-rays from a beam due to the photoelectric effect?

Absorption Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the concept of the atom being a miniature solar system?

Niels Bohr Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of nucleons?

Protons and neutrons Signup and view all the answers

Which group of elements is known for being highly resistant to chemical reactions?

Noble gases Signup and view all the answers

What did John Dalton show about elements?

They could be classified according to atomic mass. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of quantum-chromodynamics (QCD)?

The structure of atomic nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What describes the Thomson atom model?

Plum pudding model with electrons embedded in positive charge Signup and view all the answers

Which property is characteristic of alkali metals?

They are soft and react violently with water. Signup and view all the answers

What tool is primarily used to map the structure of the atomic nucleus?

Particle accelerator Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Newton's Laws of Motion

First Law (Inertia): An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
Inertia: The property of matter resisting changes in motion.
Second Law (Force): The force on an object equals mass multiplied by acceleration (F = ma).
Momentum: The product of mass and velocity (p = mv); total momentum is conserved in interactions.
Units: SI unit for force is newton (N) and for momentum is kg-m/s.

Work and Power

Work: Force applied over a distance (W = Fd).
Power: The rate of doing work, quantified as work per time (P = W/t).
Units: SI unit for work is joule (J) and for power is watt (W).

Atomic Structure

Subatomic Particles: Include electrons, protons, and neutrons, each playing a vital role in the atom.
Atomic Models:
- Dalton's Model: Elements classified by atomic mass.
- Thomson's Model: "Plum pudding" concept with electrons in a positive sphere.
- Rutherford's Model: Identified the nucleus as a dense center.
- Bohr Model: Electrons orbit the nucleus in defined paths.

Periodic Table and Isotopes

Mendeleev: Creator of the first periodic table.
Alkali Metals: Group 1, soft metals, highly reactive with water.
Halogens: Group VII, form salts with metals; easily vaporized.
Noble Gases: Group VIII, non-reactive under standard conditions.
Isotopes: Atoms with the same proton number but different neutron counts.

Radioactivity

Radioactivity: Emission of particles/energy for stability.
Half-life (T1/2): Time for half of a radioactive substance to decay; e.g., I-131 (8 days), C-14 (5730 days).
Radioactive Decay: Spontaneous emission of particles/energy from unstable nuclei.

Electromagnetic Radiation

Types: Includes x-rays and gamma rays; categorized as ionizing radiation.
Photons: Mass-less and charge-less particles carrying electromagnetic energy, traveling at the speed of light (c).

X-ray Interaction with Matter

Mass Density: Varied densities of different tissues/materials affect x-ray absorption and scattering.
- Human tissue densities range from lung (320 kg/m³) to bone (1850 kg/m³).
- Contrast materials like barium (3500 kg/m³) are used for imaging.

Radiologic Techniques

Low-kVp Technique: Produces high-contrast images in gastrointestinal studies.
High-kVp Technique: Allows better penetration and visualization of organ lumens.
Double Contrast Examination: Combines air and barium for clearer imaging of structures.

Attenuation and Absorption

Attenuation: Reduction in x-ray intensity as it passes through material, due to absorption and scattering.
Absorption Mechanisms: Include photoelectric effect, pair production, and photodisintegration.

These points encapsulate essential concepts in physics and radiology, essential for understanding motion, atomic structure, radioactivity, and interactions with x-rays.

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Explore the fundamental laws of motion and the concept of momentum in this quiz. Dive into Newton's First Law and understand how mass and velocity contribute to the momentum of an object. Test your knowledge on key formulas and concepts related to physics.