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Questions and Answers
What determines the chemical behavior of an atom?
What determines the chemical behavior of an atom?
- The number of electrons in the outermost shell
- The number of neutrons
- The mass number of the atom
- The number of protons (correct)
Which particle is located in the nucleus of an atom?
Which particle is located in the nucleus of an atom?
- Neutron
- Electron
- Both B and C (correct)
- Proton
What is the relative mass of a neutron compared to a proton?
What is the relative mass of a neutron compared to a proton?
- Equal to a proton (correct)
- Cannot be compared directly
- Greater than a proton
- Less than a proton
What formula helps determine the maximum number of electrons in a shell?
What formula helps determine the maximum number of electrons in a shell?
How does the outermost electron shell relate to the periodic table?
How does the outermost electron shell relate to the periodic table?
Which statement is true about isotopes?
Which statement is true about isotopes?
What is the charge of an electron?
What is the charge of an electron?
What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the outermost shell?
What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the outermost shell?
What does Newton's First Law of Motion state about the motion of a body?
What does Newton's First Law of Motion state about the motion of a body?
What is the formula for calculating momentum?
What is the formula for calculating momentum?
Which of the following represents the unit for work in the International System of Units (SI)?
Which of the following represents the unit for work in the International System of Units (SI)?
According to Newton's Second Law, how is force defined?
According to Newton's Second Law, how is force defined?
What does the symbol 'p' represent in the context of momentum?
What does the symbol 'p' represent in the context of momentum?
What is the relationship between work and force?
What is the relationship between work and force?
What is the British unit for force?
What is the British unit for force?
What is power defined as in physics?
What is power defined as in physics?
What is the definition of radioactive half-life?
What is the definition of radioactive half-life?
Which of the following isotopes has the longest half-life?
Which of the following isotopes has the longest half-life?
What does the formula 'Activity Remaining = Original Activity (0.5)^n' represent?
What does the formula 'Activity Remaining = Original Activity (0.5)^n' represent?
Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with photons?
Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with photons?
What is TRUE regarding particulate radiation?
What is TRUE regarding particulate radiation?
What distinguishes x-rays from gamma rays?
What distinguishes x-rays from gamma rays?
Which type of radiation has no mass and no charge?
Which type of radiation has no mass and no charge?
Which of the following statements about ionizing radiation is FALSE?
Which of the following statements about ionizing radiation is FALSE?
Which substance has the highest mass density among the listed options?
Which substance has the highest mass density among the listed options?
What is the primary interaction responsible for the complete disappearance of x-rays?
What is the primary interaction responsible for the complete disappearance of x-rays?
Which examination combines two contrast agents, air and barium?
Which examination combines two contrast agents, air and barium?
What is the process called that describes the total reduction in the number of x-rays remaining in an x-ray beam?
What is the process called that describes the total reduction in the number of x-rays remaining in an x-ray beam?
Which technique produces high-contrast radiographs of the organs in the gastrointestinal tract?
Which technique produces high-contrast radiographs of the organs in the gastrointestinal tract?
Which scattering process involves partial absorption of x-rays?
Which scattering process involves partial absorption of x-rays?
What is the constituent of mass density that has a value of 320 kg/m3?
What is the constituent of mass density that has a value of 320 kg/m3?
Which term describes the removal of x-rays from a beam due to the photoelectric effect?
Which term describes the removal of x-rays from a beam due to the photoelectric effect?
Who proposed the concept of the atom being a miniature solar system?
Who proposed the concept of the atom being a miniature solar system?
What are the components of nucleons?
What are the components of nucleons?
Which group of elements is known for being highly resistant to chemical reactions?
Which group of elements is known for being highly resistant to chemical reactions?
What did John Dalton show about elements?
What did John Dalton show about elements?
What was the primary focus of quantum-chromodynamics (QCD)?
What was the primary focus of quantum-chromodynamics (QCD)?
What describes the Thomson atom model?
What describes the Thomson atom model?
Which property is characteristic of alkali metals?
Which property is characteristic of alkali metals?
What tool is primarily used to map the structure of the atomic nucleus?
What tool is primarily used to map the structure of the atomic nucleus?
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Study Notes
Newton's Laws of Motion
- First Law (Inertia): An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
- Inertia: The property of matter resisting changes in motion.
- Second Law (Force): The force on an object equals mass multiplied by acceleration (F = ma).
- Momentum: The product of mass and velocity (p = mv); total momentum is conserved in interactions.
- Units: SI unit for force is newton (N) and for momentum is kg-m/s.
Work and Power
- Work: Force applied over a distance (W = Fd).
- Power: The rate of doing work, quantified as work per time (P = W/t).
- Units: SI unit for work is joule (J) and for power is watt (W).
Atomic Structure
- Subatomic Particles: Include electrons, protons, and neutrons, each playing a vital role in the atom.
- Atomic Models:
- Dalton's Model: Elements classified by atomic mass.
- Thomson's Model: "Plum pudding" concept with electrons in a positive sphere.
- Rutherford's Model: Identified the nucleus as a dense center.
- Bohr Model: Electrons orbit the nucleus in defined paths.
Periodic Table and Isotopes
- Mendeleev: Creator of the first periodic table.
- Alkali Metals: Group 1, soft metals, highly reactive with water.
- Halogens: Group VII, form salts with metals; easily vaporized.
- Noble Gases: Group VIII, non-reactive under standard conditions.
- Isotopes: Atoms with the same proton number but different neutron counts.
Radioactivity
- Radioactivity: Emission of particles/energy for stability.
- Half-life (T1/2): Time for half of a radioactive substance to decay; e.g., I-131 (8 days), C-14 (5730 days).
- Radioactive Decay: Spontaneous emission of particles/energy from unstable nuclei.
Electromagnetic Radiation
- Types: Includes x-rays and gamma rays; categorized as ionizing radiation.
- Photons: Mass-less and charge-less particles carrying electromagnetic energy, traveling at the speed of light (c).
X-ray Interaction with Matter
- Mass Density: Varied densities of different tissues/materials affect x-ray absorption and scattering.
- Human tissue densities range from lung (320 kg/m³) to bone (1850 kg/m³).
- Contrast materials like barium (3500 kg/m³) are used for imaging.
Radiologic Techniques
- Low-kVp Technique: Produces high-contrast images in gastrointestinal studies.
- High-kVp Technique: Allows better penetration and visualization of organ lumens.
- Double Contrast Examination: Combines air and barium for clearer imaging of structures.
Attenuation and Absorption
- Attenuation: Reduction in x-ray intensity as it passes through material, due to absorption and scattering.
- Absorption Mechanisms: Include photoelectric effect, pair production, and photodisintegration.
These points encapsulate essential concepts in physics and radiology, essential for understanding motion, atomic structure, radioactivity, and interactions with x-rays.
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