Physics Chapter on Kinematics and Dynamics

Uniform Acceleration

• Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
• Uniform acceleration means the acceleration remains constant.
• A velocity-time graph for uniformly accelerated motion is a straight line. The slope of the line represents the acceleration.

Vertical Kinematics

• Free Fall: Objects falling under the influence of gravity alone experience a constant acceleration (approximately 9.8 m/s² downwards).
• Objects Thrown Upward: Objects thrown upwards experience a constant upward acceleration (approximately -9.8 m/s²). The maximum height is reached when the velocity is zero.

Two-Dimensional Kinematics (Projectile Motion)

• Projectile motion involves objects moving in two dimensions under the influence of gravity.
• Objects thrown horizontally or launched at an angle follow a parabolic trajectory.
• Horizontal and vertical components of motion are independent.

Dynamics

• Force is a push or pull that can change the motion of an object.
• Newton's Laws of Motion describe the relationship between force and motion.
  • Newton's First Law: An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
  • Newton's Second Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass (F=ma).
  • Newton's Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
• Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact.
• Force Systems: Objects can have multiple forces acting on them simultaneously.
• Center of Gravity/Mass: The point where the weight (or mass) of an object can be considered to act.
• Translational Equilibrium: A state where the net force on an object is zero.