Physics Chapter on Electricity and Charges

A natural electrical discharge between clouds or between a cloud and the ground in the atmosphere

Method of charging objects by transferring electrons.

A tool used to detect electrical charges.

Actions to prevent injury from lightning strikes.

Actions to prevent injury during an earthquake.

The glass rods will repel each other because they both acquire the same type of charge (positive) after being rubbed with silk.

Static electricity is a buildup of electrical charges on the surface of an object, usually caused by friction.

Benjamin Franklin demonstrated that lightning is a form of static electricity, a discharge of electrical charges from clouds.

The two types of charges are positive and negative. They were initially called vitreous and resinous.

When two objects rub against each other, electrons are transferred from one object to the other, causing them to become oppositely charged.

The type of charge acquired by a glass rod rubbed with silk. It is associated with a deficiency of electrons.

The type of charge acquired by an ebonite rod rubbed with fur. It is associated with an excess of electrons.

Charges of the same type (either both positive or both negative).

Charges of opposite types (one positive and one negative).

Transferring charge by touching a charged object to an uncharged object. This causes the uncharged object to acquire the same charge as the charged object.

The process of transferring charge from a charged object to the Earth, which acts as a vast reservoir of charge, neutralizing the charged object.

A device used to detect and measure static charge. It consists of two thin gold leaves suspended from a metal rod. When charged, the leaves repel each other, indicating the presence of a charge.

When a charged object is brought near the electroscope, charge is transferred to the metal rod and then to the gold leaves. Since the gold leaves have the same charge, they repel each other, causing them to spread apart.

Transferring charge from a charged object to an uncharged object by direct contact, causing the uncharged object to have the same charge.

Rearranging charges in a neutral object by bringing a charged object nearby without direct contact.

Transferring charge from a charged object to the Earth, neutralizing the object.

The ebonite rod becomes negatively charged, while the wool becomes positively charged due to the transfer of electrons from the wool to the ebonite rod.

The glass rod becomes positively charged, while the silk becomes negatively charged because electrons transfer from the glass rod to the silk.

Friction between two materials causes the transfer of electrons from one material to another, resulting in a charge imbalance on both objects.

A device that detects the presence of an electric charge by measuring the divergence of two thin, gold leaves.

To detect the presence and type of electrical charge on an object, by observing the movement of the gold leaves.

A sudden electrical discharge in the atmosphere, usually between clouds or between a cloud and the ground.

The loud sound caused by the rapid expansion of air heated by a lightning bolt.

A sudden shaking of the Earth's crust caused by the release of energy from the Earth's interior.

The outermost layer of the Earth, composed of relatively solid rock and ranging from 5-70 km thick under land and 6-11 km thick at the ocean floor.

The layer beneath the crust, extending to a depth of 2,900 km. It's composed of semi-solid rocks rich in iron, magnesium, and calcium.

A seismograph is an instrument used to detect and record the intensity of seismic waves caused by earthquakes. The graphical record of these waves is called a seismogram.

Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. When these plates collide, deform, displace, crush, fracture, or slide under each other, they release energy as seismic waves.

The epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus, where an earthquake originates.

The Richter scale measures the magnitude of an earthquake from 0 to 9. Higher numbers indicate stronger earthquakes.

Safety measures to minimize damage and injuries during an earthquake include building earthquake-resistant structures, securing heavy objects, and having an evacuation plan.

The friction between air particles and the presence of dust, carbon, and other charged particles within a thunderstorm cloud create an electric charge. When two oppositely charged parts of the clouds or a cloud and the ground come close, an electric discharge occurs, resulting in lightning.

A lightning conductor is a metal rod with spikes at the top, connected to a copper plate buried underground. It provides a conductive pathway for lightning to flow safely to the earth, preventing damage to the building.

Measures taken to avoid being struck by lightning, such as seeking shelter indoors or avoiding tall objects during a thunderstorm.

The earth is composed of different layers: the crust (outermost), the mantle (semi-solid), and the core (inner and outer).

Earth's outermost layer, relatively thin and composed of solid rock. It's where we live.

The layer beneath the crust, composed of semi-solid rock and elements. It's hotter and denser than the crust.

Deep within the earth, tectonic plates (parts of the earth's crust) shift and collide. This movement releases huge amounts of energy, causing vibrations that travel as seismic waves, resulting in the shaking we feel during an earthquake.

Vibrations that travel through the Earth's crust, caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.

The point inside the Earth where an earthquake originates.

The point on the Earth's surface directly above the seismic focus.

A metal rod with spikes at the top and a copper plate buried deep underground, used to protect buildings from lightning strikes.

Volcanic eruptions can trigger earthquakes because the pressure from the molten rock and gases shaking the ground.

The amount of damage from an earthquake depends on its strength, how far you are from the epicenter, and how sturdy buildings are.

Earthquakes can cause buildings to collapse, ground to crack, fires to start, and even tsunamis.

Buildings should be designed to withstand earthquakes by using flexible materials and strong foundations.

If you can safely leave a building during an earthquake, use the stairs, not elevators, and stay away from tall objects.