Physics Chapter on Elasticity and Materials
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Questions and Answers

What occurs when a force is applied to a helical spring and then removed?

  • The spring collapses completely.
  • The spring undergoes plastic deformation.
  • The spring maintains its stretched shape permanently.
  • The spring returns to its original size and shape. (correct)
  • Which property describes a material that does not return to its original shape after being deformed?

  • Elasticity
  • Plasticity (correct)
  • Rigidity
  • Flexibility
  • Why is understanding the elastic behavior of materials important in engineering design?

  • To design structures that are completely rigid.
  • To create lightweight and strong designs. (correct)
  • To ensure all materials behave the same way.
  • To eliminate all forms of deformation.
  • What is the deformation called when a solid body changes under a force but returns to its original shape after the force is removed?

    <p>Elastic deformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a rigid body?

    <p>A solid object with a definite shape that does not deform under normal conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Young's modulus defined as?

    <p>The ratio of tensile stress to longitudinal strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unit is Young's modulus measured in?

    <p>Pascal (Pa)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material has the highest Young's modulus according to the provided data?

    <p>Steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The elastic limit is referred to in what units in the provided data?

    <p>Percentage (%)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which of the following materials is Young's modulus the lowest?

    <p>Bone (Compressive)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hydraulic stress represent?

    <p>The hydraulic pressure applied per unit area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents Hooke's Law?

    <p>Stress = k x strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the proportional limit on a stress-strain curve?

    <p>Elastic recovery occurs when stress is removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reflected by point D on a stress-strain curve?

    <p>Ultimate tensile strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which region does Hooke's Law hold true on the stress-strain curve?

    <p>Elastic region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes plastic deformation in materials?

    <p>Rapid strain increases with small stress changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the fracture point (E) indicate on the stress-strain curve?

    <p>Material failure occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances typically has the highest yield strength?

    <p>Steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stress experienced by the structural steel rod?

    <p>3.18 x 10^8 N/m²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the elongation of the structural steel rod under the applied force?

    <p>1.59 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage strain does the structural steel rod experience?

    <p>0.16%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total additional weight on the performer in the human pyramid?

    <p>220 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to calculate the applied load on the copper and steel wires?

    <p>The Young's modulus for both materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stress defined as?

    <p>Force divided by area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of strain refers to the relative change in length of a material?

    <p>Longitudinal strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does shearing strain quantify?

    <p>The angle of displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a solid sphere when it is subjected to hydraulic compression?

    <p>It experiences compression uniformly on all sides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of stress?

    <p>Pascal (Pa)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the equation $ rac{ ext{Δ}x}{L} = an heta$ represent?

    <p>Shearing strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a type of strain?

    <p>Centrifugal strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was appointed Curator of Experiments at the Royal Society in 1662?

    <p>Robert Hooke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What restores the original shape and size of a solid after deformation?

    <p>Interatomic forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered the relationship between elongation and applied force in solids?

    <p>Robert Hooke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stress occurs when equal and opposite forces are applied normal to the cross-sectional area of a cylinder?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is longitudinal strain defined mathematically?

    <p>Strain = $ rac{ riangle L}{L}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is shearing stress defined as?

    <p>The restoring force per unit area for tangential forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mathematical formula represents stress?

    <p>Stress = $ rac{F}{A}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs due to shearing stress?

    <p>Relative displacement of opposite faces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the reference wire do in the experiment to determine Young's Modulus?

    <p>Compensates for temperature changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component directly measures the elongation of the experimental wire?

    <p>Pointer attached to the vernier scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Young's modulus formula, what does $ rac{MgL}{ au}$ represent?

    <p>The ratio of stress to strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must remain consistent between the reference wire and the experimental wire for accurate results?

    <p>Length and radius of the wires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which variable is NOT involved in the Young's modulus calculation?

    <p>Temperature of the experimental setup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bulk modulus of water?

    <p>2.2 x 10^9 N m-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material has the highest bulk modulus listed in the table?

    <p>Nickel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of modulus is associated with the change in volume but not in shape?

    <p>Bulk modulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calculate the pressure exerted by a 3000 m column of water at the bottom of the ocean.

    <p>3.0 x 10^7 N m-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strain type is NOT associated with a change in volume?

    <p>Hydraulic strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shear modulus also known as?

    <p>Modulus of rigidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the SI unit of shear modulus?

    <p>N m−2 or Pa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents the relationship between shearing stress and shearing strain?

    <p>G = (shearing stress)/(shearing strain)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For most materials, how is the shear modulus related to Young's modulus?

    <p>G is less than Y</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the bulk modulus measure?

    <p>The change in volume caused by hydraulic stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material has the highest shear modulus according to the provided data?

    <p>Tungsten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a negative sign in the bulk modulus equation indicate?

    <p>Decrease in volume with increased pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shearing stress formula based on shear modulus?

    <p>σ = G × γ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using an I-beam in construction?

    <p>It optimizes strength and stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the thickness of a rope impact its ability to lift heavy loads?

    <p>Thicker ropes can withstand greater tension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the deflection equation for beams, what does 'E' represent?

    <p>The Young's modulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cross-sectional shape is commonly used for load-bearing beams?

    <p>I-beam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition leads to tensile stress in materials?

    <p>Pulling forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is more effective in reducing bending in a beam under a given load?

    <p>Increasing the depth of the beam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stress arises when forces tend to slide surfaces relative to each other?

    <p>Shear stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which elastic constant would be used to describe a material's response to volumetric changes?

    <p>Bulk modulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

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