Physics Chapter: Gravitation and Motion

Gravitation

Isaac Newton

<p>Torsion balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$F = G(m_1m_2)/R^2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G has the same value for any two objects anywhere in the universe. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tycho Brahe</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perihelion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The square of the orbital period is directly proportional to the cube of the average distance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Centripetal force</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The object's mass (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$a = (v^2)/r$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Centrifugal force</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Banked curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Power</p> Signup and view all the answers

Every object in the universe attracts every other object towards itself with a force called gravitational force. This force is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

A fundamental constant that determines the strength of the gravitational force between any two objects. It's a universal constant and has the value 6.67 x 10^-11 Nm²/kg².

The force of gravity between the Earth and our bodies pulls us towards the Earth's center, preventing us from floating away.

A popular anecdote describing how Newton observed an apple falling from a tree and formulated the Universal Law of Gravitation, realizing every object attracts every other object.

Gravity plays a crucial role in keeping celestial bodies in their orbits, causing tides on Earth and influencing various natural phenomena.

Three laws describing the motion of planets around the sun. These laws are based on observations made by Tycho Brahe. Kepler used these observations to formulate his laws.

A Danish astronomer famous for his precise astronomical observations of planets, especially Mars, which helped Johannes Kepler later formulate his laws of planetary motion.

An Austrian mathematician who used Tycho Brahe's precise astronomical observations to formulate the three laws of planetary motion.

A geometric shape with two foci, unlike a circle which has one center. Planets orbit the Sun in elliptical paths, with the Sun at one focus.

Planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus. The shape of the orbit is not perfectly circular but slightly elliptical. This means the planet's distance from the Sun varies during its orbit.

A line from the Sun to a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal lengths of time. This means that a planet moves faster when it's closer to the sun and slower when it's farther away.

The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the average distance of the planet from the sun. This means the farther a planet is from the sun, the longer it takes to complete its orbit.

Circular motion where the object's motion is restricted to a vertical plane. Gravity plays a role, affecting the object's speed and direction depending on its position in the circle.

The force exerted on an object moving in a vertical circle by a string or other constraint. It changes depending on the object's position in the circle and depends on gravity.

The minimum velocity an object needs to maintain a circular path in a vertical circle without falling. This velocity depends on the radius of the circle and acceleration due to gravity.

The force exerted by a surface on an object moving in a vertical circle, perpendicular to the surface. It changes depending on the object's position in the circle, affected by gravity and the object's speed.

A vertical circle ride where the normal force acting on passengers varies depending on their location in the circle, being greatest at the bottom and least at the top due to gravity and motion.

A pendulum that swings in a circle, forming a cone. The angle of the swing, the speed of the pendulum, and the radius of the circle are related by a specific formula.

Motion of an object moving in a circle at a constant speed. Even though the speed is constant, the direction is constantly changing, resulting in acceleration.

The velocity of an object moving in a circle, tangent to the circle at any given point. The direction of the velocity is constantly changing, even if the speed is constant.

The rate at which an object rotates or revolves around a fixed axis. It's measured in degrees per second, rotations per minute (rpm), etc. It's denoted by the Greek letter omega (ω).

The acceleration of an object moving in a circle, directed towards the center of the circle. It's responsible for changing the object's direction of motion, even if its speed is constant.

The force required to keep an object moving in a circular path. It's always directed towards the center of the circle and is responsible for changing the object's direction of motion.

Forces where the work done on an object moving between two points is independent of the path taken. The work depends only on the starting and ending positions.

Forces where the work done on an object depends on the path taken between two points. This type of force often dissipates energy into other forms like heat or sound.

This theorem states that the net work done by all the forces acting on an object equals the change in the object's kinetic energy. It relates work, energy, and motion.

The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. It's measured in watts (W).

The energy an object possesses due to its motion. It depends on the object's mass and velocity. The faster the object moves and the more massive it is, the greater its kinetic energy.

Stored energy an object has due to its position or state. It's the energy of position. Two common types are gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy.

The sum of an object's kinetic and potential energy. It's conserved in the absence of non-conservative forces like friction.

One of the fundamental laws of physics. It states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.