Physics Chapter: Force and Pressure

Force

• A push or pull that causes an object to change its motion or shape
• Measured in Newtons (N)
• Can be contact or non-contact (e.g. gravity, friction)
• Types of forces:
  • External forces: act from outside the object (e.g. friction, normal force)
  • Internal forces: act from within the object (e.g. tension, air pressure)

Pressure

• Force per unit area
• Measured in Pascals (Pa)
• Formula: Pressure = Force / Area
• Types of pressure:
  • Atmospheric pressure: pressure exerted by the air in the atmosphere
  • Hydrostatic pressure: pressure exerted by a fluid (e.g. water, oil)
  • Gas pressure: pressure exerted by a gas (e.g. air in a tire)

Momentum

• The product of an object's mass and velocity
• Measured in kilogram-meters per second (kg·m/s)
• Formula: Momentum = Mass × Velocity
• Conservation of momentum:
  • The total momentum of a closed system remains constant over time
  • Momentum is transferred from one object to another during collisions
• Types of momentum:
  • Linear momentum: momentum of an object moving in a straight line
  • Angular momentum: momentum of an object rotating around a fixed axis

Force

• A force is a push or pull that causes an object to change its motion or shape.
• Force is measured in Newtons (N), with 1 N being the force required to accelerate a mass of 1 kg by 1 m/s².
• There are two types of forces: contact forces (e.g. friction, normal force) and non-contact forces (e.g. gravity).
• External forces act from outside the object, while internal forces act from within the object.

Pressure

• Pressure is the force per unit area, measured in Pascals (Pa).
• The formula to calculate pressure is Pressure = Force / Area.
• Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the air in the atmosphere, while hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid (e.g. water, oil).
• Gas pressure is the pressure exerted by a gas (e.g. air in a tire).

Momentum

• Momentum is the product of an object's mass and velocity, measured in kilogram-meters per second (kg·m/s).
• The formula to calculate momentum is Momentum = Mass × Velocity.
• The law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of a closed system remains constant over time.
• During collisions, momentum is transferred from one object to another.
• There are two types of momentum: linear momentum, which is the momentum of an object moving in a straight line, and angular momentum, which is the momentum of an object rotating around a fixed axis.