Physics Chapter 6.2.2: Potential Energy

Potential energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its position or configuration in a force field.
Lifting an object, like a book to a higher shelf, increases its potential energy relative to its position at the ground.

Light emitted from a bulb can transform into other energy forms, such as kinetic energy of surrounding molecules.
Different masses require varying amounts of kinetic energy to reach the same speed; e.g., a football needs more energy than a cricket ball.

Work done against gravity imparts gravitational potential energy to an object.
When released, this potential energy converts into kinetic energy, enabling the object to perform work.
Other forms of potential energy include:
- Elastic potential energy: Stored when deforming materials, like stretching a spring.
  - Examples include slingshots, shock absorbers, and toy winding springs.
- Chemical potential energy: Found in food sources and batteries.
- Electrostatic potential energy: Stored in capacitors, created by two conductive plates with opposite charges.

Gravitational potential energy can be computed with the formula:
- ( E_{pot} = mgh )
  - where m is mass, g is gravitational acceleration, and h is height change.
It is a scalar quantity, meaning it has magnitude but no direction.
Lifting a 5 kg stone to a height of 20 m results in 980 J of gravitational potential energy.

The work done to lift an object (against gravity) is linked to potential energy through the equation:
- ( W = E_{p.grav} = FS )
  - where F is the weight of the object and S is distance (height h).
This gives ( E_{p.grav} = mgh ), showing the correlation between work done and potential energy acquired.

In a high jump, a record jump of 1.5 m by Kamil demonstrates conversion of energetic work against gravity to potential energy.
A cyclist gains potential energy as they ascend a hill, even without pedaling, relying on initial energy input.

The transition of energy types is showcased when an object loses potential energy—like a falling book converting to kinetic energy.
Potential energy can be transformed into kinetic energy through machinery, notably in electricity generation processes.