Physics Chapter 2: Heat & Temperature

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Questions and Answers

Match the following temperatures with their expressed conversions:

90 °F = Approx. 32.2 °C 300 K = 26.85 °C -78.5 °C = -109 °F 37.0 °C = 98.6 °F

Match the thermal expansion types with their definitions:

Linear Thermal Expansion = Change in length due to temperature Area Thermal Expansion = Change in area due to temperature Volume Thermal Expansion = Change in volume due to temperature Thermal Expansion = General tendency of matter to change with temperature

Match the formulas with the correct temperature conversion:

$C = (F - 32) x \frac{5}{9}$ = Celsius from Fahrenheit $F = \frac{9}{5}C + 32$ = Fahrenheit from Celsius $K = C + 273.15$ = Kelvin from Celsius $C = K - 273.15$ = Celsius from Kelvin

Match the temperature conversions with their results:

50 °F = 283.15 K -78.5 °C = 195 K 37.0 °C = 310 K Signup and view all the answers

Match the coefficients with their corresponding expressions:

$\Delta L = \alpha L_i (T_f - T_i)$ = Linear expansion formula $ L_f - L_i$ = Change in length due to expansion $\alpha$ = Coefficient of linear expansion $T_f$ = Final temperature Signup and view all the answers

Match the temperature scales with their freezing points:

0 °C = Freezing point of water 32 °F = Freezing point of water 273.15 K = Freezing point of water -78.5 °C = Sublimation point of dry ice Signup and view all the answers

Match the definitions with their applications:

Thermostats = Devices that respond to temperature changes Thermal expansion = Object length change with temperature Coefficients in thermal expansion = Measure of how material expands Temperature conversion = Transforming temperature from one scale to another Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts with their importance in thermal physics:

Thermal expansion = Critical for material engineering Temperature conversion = Essential for scientific calculations Linear expansion = Important for precision instruments Thermodynamics = Foundation for heat transfer studies Signup and view all the answers

Match the temperature scales with their characteristics:

Celsius = Freezing point of water at 0°C Fahrenheit = Freezing point of water at 32°F Kelvin = Absolute zero at 0 K Rankine = Equivalent to Fahrenheit but begins at absolute zero Signup and view all the answers

Match the temperature conversion formulas:

C to F = F = C × 9/5 + 32 F to C = C = (F - 32) × 5/9 C to K = K = C + 273.15 K to C = C = K - 273.15 Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions:

Thermal Equilibrium = No energy exchange when in contact Fixed Point = Temperature at which a physical property occurs Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics = If A and B are in equilibrium with C, then A and B are in equilibrium Thermometer = Device used to measure temperature Signup and view all the answers

Match the descriptions with the correct temperature scale:

Celsius = Uses degrees Celsius (°C) Fahrenheit = Uses degrees Fahrenheit (°F) Kelvin = Uses Kelvin, with no negative temperatures Rankine = Uses degrees Rankine (°R), similar to Fahrenheit Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics with the correct measurement methods:

Thermocouple = Measures temperature using electrical properties Liquid-in-glass thermometer = Uses the expansion of liquid Digital thermometer = Displays temperature electronically Bimetallic thermometer = Uses two metals to measure temperature changes Signup and view all the answers

Match the temperature increments between scales:

Celsius to Kelvin = 1°C = 1 K Celsius to Fahrenheit = 1°C = 1.8°F Fahrenheit to Kelvin = ΔF = 5/9 ΔK Kelvin to Celsius = 1 K = 1°C Signup and view all the answers

Match the key points about heat transfer:

Heat Flow = From warmer to cooler objects Cooling Effect = Ice absorbs heat from the hand Heating Effect = Hand loses heat to the ice Thermal Energy = Transfer of energy due to temperature difference Signup and view all the answers

Match the measurement scales with their boiling points of water:

Celsius = 100°C Fahrenheit = 212°F Kelvin = 373.15 K Rankine = 671.67 °R Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symbols with their meanings in the heat transfer equation:

Q = Heat transferred in joules m = Mass in grams C = Specific heat capacity ΔT = Change in temperature Signup and view all the answers

Match the following temperatures with their respective definitions:

Tfinal = Final temperature after heat transfer Tinitial = Initial temperature before heat transfer ΔT = Difference between final and initial temperature Tf = Final temperature Signup and view all the answers

Match the following substances with their specific heat capacities:

Water = 4.184 J/g(°C) Silver = 0.235 J/g(°C) Copper = 0.385 J/g(°C) Air = 1.005 J/g(°C) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following heat transfer methods with their descriptions:

Conduction = Transfer of heat through molecular collisions Convection = Transfer of heat through fluid motion Radiation = Transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves Insulation = Prevention of heat transfer Signup and view all the answers

Match the following numerical values with their corresponding physical quantities:

40.5 J = Heat added to silver 15.4 g = Mass of silver sample 100 mL = Volume of water 52.8°C = Final temperature of water Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their roles in the heat transfer equation:

Q = Total heat needed C = Heat capacity constant m = Variable for mass ΔT = Temperature change factor Signup and view all the answers

Match the following heat calculations with their corresponding examples:

Q = 3010 J = Heat required to raise water temperature C = 0.235 J/g(°C) = Specific heat of silver Tf = 60.0°C = Final temperature of silver sample Q = mCΔT = General formula for heat transfer Signup and view all the answers

Match the following temperature increments with their usage:

1°C = Temperature increment for specific heat 11.2°C = Change in temperature for silver 7.2°C = Difference in two specific temperatures 45.6°C to 52.8°C = Temperature change for water heating Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their definitions:

Coefficient of Linear Expansion = The change in length per unit length per degree Celsius Coefficient of Volume Expansion = The change in volume per unit volume per degree Celsius Area Expansion = Change in area based on temperature difference Quantity of Heat = Energy transferred due to temperature difference Signup and view all the answers

Match the following formulas with their corresponding applications:

ΔL = αLiΔT = Calculating linear expansion ΔA = 2αAiΔT = Calculating area expansion ΔV = βViΔT = Calculating volume expansion Q = mcΔT = Calculating heat transfer Signup and view all the answers

Match the following materials with their coefficients of linear expansion:

Copper = 16.5 x 10^-6 (°C)^-1 Steel = Approximately 11 x 10^-6 (°C)^-1 Aluminum = 23 x 10^-6 (°C)^-1 Glass = Around 9 x 10^-6 (°C)^-1 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scenarios with their results of thermal expansion:

Copper rod heated = Increases in length Diesel fuel decreasing temperature = Decreases in volume Aluminum ball heated = Increases in volume Steel railroad track at 40°C = Length 30.0144 m Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their units:

Quantity of Heat (Q) = Joules (J) and calories (cal) Volume (V) = Liters (L) Length (L) = Meters (m) Area (A) = Square meters (m^2) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following applications with their respective temperatures:

Aluminum ball = Temperature change 150.07°C Diesel truck delivery = Temperature decreased by 23 K Linear expansion of steel = Initial temperature 0.0°C Copper expansion calculation = Initial length 15 m Signup and view all the answers

Match the following values with their calculations:

ΔV = βVΔT = Used for calculating volume change of diesel ΔT = ΔV / (4/3R^3πα) = Used in temperature change calculation for aluminum Area Expansion = ΔA = Calculated using 2αAiΔT Length Change = ΔL = Determined by αLiΔT Signup and view all the answers

Match the following heat transfer terms with their caloric values:

1 cal = 4.184 J 1 kcal = 1000 cal Joule = Energy unit measuring heat Calorie = Unit of heat energy Signup and view all the answers

Match the heat transfer mechanisms with their descriptions:

Conduction = Occurs in solids. Convection = Transfer of heat via fluid motion. Radiation = Transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves. Thermal Radiation = Emission of energy as radiant heat. Signup and view all the answers

Match the variables in the thermal conduction equation with their meanings:

A = Area of the slab. L = Distance between the faces. k = Thermal conductivity of the material. R = Rate of heat flow. Signup and view all the answers

Match the components involved in the radiation formula with their definitions:

σ = Stefan–Boltzmann constant. ε = Emissivity of an object's surface. A = Surface area of the object. T = Surface temperature in kelvins. Signup and view all the answers

Match the example with its related term:

Styrofoam box = An example of thermal conduction. Thin steel plate = An example of thermal radiation. Small piece of ice = Change due to heat transfer. Energy emission = Related to radiation. Signup and view all the answers

Match the temperature scales with their conversions:

32 °F = 0 °C 98.6 °F = 37 °C 0 K = -273.15 °C 800 °C = 1073 K Signup and view all the answers

Match the heat transfer example with its mechanism:

Ice melting in mouth = Conduction Heat from furnace warming air = Convection Sun warming the Earth = Radiation Heat flow through a metal rod = Conduction Signup and view all the answers

Match the thermodynamic variables with their relationships:

Temperature difference (TH - TC) = Drives convection. Heat flow (Q) = Related to time and power. Emissivity (ε) = Factors into radiant energy calculations. Thermal conductivity (k) = Material property affecting conduction. Signup and view all the answers

Match the specific heat capacity expressions with their scenarios:

Q = H x t = Energy calculated over time. P = σ . ε . A . T^4 = Rate of energy transfer by radiation. R = kA (TH - TC)/L = Rate of heat conduction through material. Thermal radiation equation = Governs heat emission. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Heat & Temperature

Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler one.
Thermal equilibrium occurs when two objects in contact do not exchange energy, indicating they are at the same temperature.

Temperature

Temperature is a fundamental SI base quantity, measured in Kelvins (K).
It reflects an object's degree of hotness or coldness.
Thermometers are used to measure temperature.

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

If object A is in thermal equilibrium with object C, and object B is in thermal equilibrium with C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Temperature Measurement Methods

Common temperature scales include Celsius (℃), Kelvin (K), and Fahrenheit (℉).
Fixed points, where certain physical properties are stable, are critical for establishing temperature scales.

Temperature Conversion

Freezing and boiling points of water:
- Celsius: 0°C (freezing), 100°C (boiling).
- Fahrenheit: 32°F (freezing), 212°F (boiling).
Conversion formulas:
- Celsius to Fahrenheit: (T_F = \frac{9}{5}T_C + 32)
- Fahrenheit to Celsius: (T_C = \frac{5}{9}(T_F - 32))
- Celsius to Kelvin: (T_K = T_C + 273.15)

Thermal Expansion

Thermal expansion describes how matter changes in length, area, and volume with temperature changes.
Types of thermal expansion:
- Linear expansion: Change in length
- Area expansion: Change in area
- Volume expansion: Change in volume

Linear Thermal Expansion

Formula: (\Delta L = \alpha L_i \Delta T)
- (\Delta L): Change in length
- (\alpha): Coefficient of linear expansion
- (L_i): Initial length
- (\Delta T): Change in temperature

Area and Volume Expansion

Area Expansion: (\Delta A = 2\alpha A_i \Delta T)
Volume Expansion: (\Delta V = \beta V_i \Delta T)
- (\beta = 3\alpha)
Coefficients of expansion vary by material.

Quantity of Heat and Specific Heat

Quantity of heat (Q) is energy transferred due to temperature difference, measured in joules (J), calories (cal), or kilocalories (Cal or kcal).
Relationships:
- (1 \text{ cal} = 4.186 \text{ J})
- (1 \text{ kcal} = 1000 \text{ cal})
Specific heat (C): The heat needed to raise 1 gram of a substance by 1°C.
- Formula: (Q = mC\Delta T)

Heat Transfer Mechanisms

Conduction: Heat transfer through molecular collisions in solids.
Convection: Heat transfer in fluids due to the movement of higher energy molecules.
Radiation: Heat transfer through electromagnetic radiation, can occur in a vacuum.

Calculation Examples

Example calculations demonstrate how to calculate changes in temperature, specific heat capacities, and the amount of heat transferred in various contexts.
Important relationships and conversions for specific materials provide insight into real-world applications of thermodynamic principles.

Studying That Suits You

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Description

Explore the essential concepts of heat and temperature with this quiz based on Chapter 2. Dive into methods of temperature measurement, the principles of thermal expansion, and the laws of heat transfer. Test your understanding of how thermal energy flows and its implications in everyday scenarios.