Physics Chapter 1 and 2: Electrostatics and Ohm's Law
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Questions and Answers

What is the unit of resistance in electrical systems?

  • Tesla
  • Volt
  • Ohm (correct)
  • Hertz

Which unit is used to measure magnetic field strength?

  • Newton
  • Henry
  • Volt
  • Tesla (correct)

Which of the following represents the power of a lens?

  • Diopter (correct)
  • Meter
  • Joule
  • Watt

What is the unit of magnetic flux?

<p>Weber (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expression for the decay constant?

<p>Time<sup>-1</sup> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for the de Broglie wavelength?

<p>$ rac{h}{P}$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy of a photon in terms of frequency?

<p>$E = h u$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements belong to the n-type group?

<p>Arsenic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the path difference relate to bright fringes in interference?

<p>$ΔΦ = nλ$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between energy (E) and mass (m) according to Einstein's theory?

<p>$E = mc^2$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation gives the width of an interference fringe?

<p>$R = rac{λD}{d}$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'Lyman-series' refer to?

<p>Ultraviolet transitions in hydrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship defined by the formula $ rac{1}{λ} = R( rac{1}{n_1^2} - rac{1}{n_2^2})$?

<p>Wave number (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of resistance?

<p>Ohm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation correctly describes electric potential energy due to point charges?

<p>U = Kq<sub>1</sub>q<sub>2</sub> / r (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Kirchhoff's second law pertain to?

<p>Energy conservation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is conductivity represented mathematically?

<p>σ = 1 / ρ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula represents the magnetic force on a moving charge?

<p>F = q(v × B) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating power in an electrical circuit?

<p>P = VI (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between drift velocity and electric field strength in a conductor?

<p>V<sub>d</sub> = μE (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation correctly determines the total resistance in a series circuit?

<p>R<sub>s</sub> = R<sub>1</sub> + R<sub>2</sub> + R<sub>3</sub> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the magnetic field at the center of a circular coil calculated?

<p>B = μ<sub>0</sub>NI / 2R (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of Ir.m.s in terms of I0?

<p>$I_0 / √2$ (A), $0.70710 I_0$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the formula for efficiency (η) represent?

<p>Output power divided by input power (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an L-C-R circuit, which of the following represents impedance (Z)?

<p>$√{R^2 + (X_L - X_C)^2}$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct formula for inductive reactance (X_L)?

<p>$2πfL$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula represents the angular dispersion?

<p>$Δl / Δλ = (μ_r - 1) / λ$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the formulas P1 + P2 + ... + Pn calculate in a lens combination?

<p>The effective power of the combined lens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Snell's law, what is the relationship between the refractive indices and angles?

<p>μ_1 Sin i = μ_2 Sin r (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the critical angle (C) when referring to refraction?

<p>1 / μ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to calculate the mean current (I_mean)?

<p>$2I_0 / π$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the capacitive reactance (X_C)?

<p>$1 / 2πfC$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for Coulomb's law?

<p>F = Kq<sub>1</sub>q<sub>2</sub> / r<sup>2</sup> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expression for electric field due to a point charge at a distance 'r'?

<p>E = Kq / r<sup>2</sup> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the dipole moment (P) represent mathematically?

<p>P = q × 2l (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Gauss's Law, what is the relationship between electric flux (Φ) and enclosed charge (q)?

<p>Φ = q / ε<sub>0</sub> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for surface charge density (σ)?

<p>σ = q / A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation correctly represents Ohm's law?

<p>V = IR (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a parallel plate capacitor, what is the formula relating capacitance (C) to area (A) and separation distance (d)?

<p>C = Aε<sub>0</sub> / d (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expression for electric potential (V) in terms of electric field (E)?

<p>V = -∫E.dr (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the electric field (E) due to an infinite thin wire expressed?

<p>E = 2Kλ / r (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'dielectric constant' indicate for air and water?

<p>Air: 1, Water: 80 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Coulomb's Law

The force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Electric Field Strength

The electric field strength at a point is defined as the force per unit positive charge placed at that point.

Gauss's Law

The electric flux through a closed surface is proportional to the total charge enclosed by the surface.

Capacitance

The ability of a material to store electrical energy.

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Dielectric Constant

The ratio of the electric field strength in a vacuum to the electric field strength in the dielectric material.

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Electric Potential

The work done in moving a unit positive charge from infinity to a point in an electric field.

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Electric Current

The flow of electric charge through a conductor.

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Resistance

The resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area.

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Voltage

The product of the current flowing through a conductor and the resistance of the conductor.

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Current Density

The rate of flow of electric charge per unit area.

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Power (P)

The rate at which electrical energy is transferred or dissipated.

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Drift Velocity (Vd)

The average velocity of free electrons in a conductor due to an applied electric field.

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Mobility (μ)

A measure of how easily electrons move through a material.

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Series Resistance (Rs)

The total resistance of a circuit when all the resistors are connected one after the other.

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Parallel Resistance (Rp)

The total resistance of a circuit when all the resistors are connected in parallel.

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Wheatstone Bridge

A circuit used to measure an unknown resistance by balancing two arms.

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Magnetic Energy (Um)

The energy stored in a magnetic field.

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Magnetic Flux (Φ)

The amount of magnetic field lines passing through a given area.

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Conductivity (σ)

The measure of how effectively a material can conduct electricity.

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Resistivity (ρ)

The measure of how much a material resists the flow of electrical current.

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RMS Current (Ir.m.s)

The root mean square (RMS) value of current, denoted as Ir.m.s, is calculated as the peak current (I0) divided by the square root of 2.

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Mean Current (Imean)

The mean value of current, denoted as Imean, is calculated as twice the peak current (I0) divided by π.

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Inductive Reactance (XL)

Inductive reactance (XL) is a measure of opposition to the flow of alternating current in an inductor. It is directly proportional to the frequency of the current (f) and the inductance of the inductor (L).

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Capacitive Reactance (XC)

Capacitive reactance (XC) is a measure of opposition to the flow of alternating current in a capacitor. It is inversely proportional to the frequency of the current (f) and the capacitance of the capacitor (C).

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Efficiency (η)

The efficiency (η) of a device is a measure of how effectively it converts input power to output power. It is calculated as the output power divided by the input power, multiplied by 100% to express it as a percentage.

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Impedance (Z) in an L-C-R Circuit

In an L-C-R circuit, the impedance (Z) is the total opposition to the flow of current. It is calculated as the square root of the sum of the squares of resistance (R) and the difference between inductive reactance (XL) and capacitive reactance (XC).

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Resonant Frequency (f) in an L-R Circuit

In an L-R circuit, the resonant frequency (f) is the frequency at which the inductive reactance (XL) is equal to the resistance (R).

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Resonant Frequency (f) in an R-C Circuit

In an R-C circuit, the resonant frequency (f) is the frequency at which the capacitive reactance (XC) is equal to the resistance (R).

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Resonant Frequency (f) in an L-C Circuit

In an L-C circuit, the resonant frequency (f) is the frequency at which the inductive reactance (XL) is equal to the capacitive reactance (XC).

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Average Power (Pav) in an AC Circuit

The average power (Pav) dissipated in an AC circuit is calculated as the product of the RMS voltage (Erms), RMS current (Irms), and the cosine of the phase angle (Φ).

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Ampere (A)

The SI unit of electric current. It represents the flow of one coulomb of electric charge per second. Think of it like the amount of water flowing through a pipe.

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Tesla (T)

A measure of how strongly a magnetic field is. It represents the force experienced by a unit magnetic pole placed in the field. Picture it as the density of magnetic field lines.

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Weber (Wb)

The unit of magnetic flux. It represents the amount of magnetic field lines passing through a given area. Think of it as the total amount of magnetic field interacting with a surface.

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Henry (H)

The unit of inductance. It represents the property of a coil to oppose changes in current flow. Think of it like a coil's resistance to sudden current changes.

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Ohm (Ω)

The unit of resistance, reactance, and impedance. It defines the opposition to the flow of electric current. Think of it as the 'friction' that electricity faces in a circuit.

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Width of Interference Fringe

Describes the width between adjacent bright or dark fringes in an interference pattern. It directly depends on the wavelength of light, the distance to the screen, and the separation between the slits.

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Path Difference

The difference in the distance traveled by two waves from their sources to a specific point. It determines whether the waves interfere constructively (bright fringe) or destructively (dark fringe).

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de Broglie Wavelength

The wavelength associated with a moving particle, illustrating wave-particle duality. It is inversely proportional to the particle's momentum.

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Energy of a Photon

The energy carried by a single photon of light, proportional to its frequency. It's the fundamental unit of energy in light.

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Photon

The smallest unit of light, acting as both a particle and a wave. It has no mass and carries energy and momentum.

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Φ = hν

The energy of a photon, calculated using Planck's constant and the frequency of light.

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Rydberg Constant

A constant that relates the energy of an electron in an atom to its principal quantum number. It helps predict the energy levels and transitions of electrons in atoms.

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Radioactive Decay Law

Describes the decay of radioactive nuclei. It states that the number of radioactive nuclei remaining after a time 't' is exponentially related to the initial number and the decay constant.

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Study Notes

Chapter 1

  • Coulomb's Law: Force between two charges (F) is directly proportional to the product of their magnitudes (q₁ and q₂) and inversely proportional to the square of the distance (r) between them. Vector form: F = k(q₁q₂)/r².
  • Electric Field Intensity (E): Force per unit positive charge placed at a point in the field.
  • Electric Flux: Measure of the electric field lines passing through a given surface.
  • Dipole Moment (P): Product of the magnitude of a charge (q) and the distance (2l) between the charges. P = q * 2l
  • Torque (T): Turning effect on a dipole placed in an electric field. T = P × E = pEsinθ
  • Electric Field due to a point charge at a distance 'r': E = kq/r²
  • Electric Field at Axial Line: E = 2k*p/r³
  • Electric Field at Equatorial Line: E = k*p/r³

Chapter 2

  • Ohm's Law: V = IR (Voltage = Current * Resistance)
  • Electric Potential (V): Work done per unit positive charge in moving a charge from a reference point to a given point in an electric field.
  • Capacitance (C): Ability of a capacitor to store charge.
  • Parallel Plate Capacitor: Capacitance (C) = ε₀A/d, where ε₀ is the permittivity of free space, A is the area of the plates, and d is the distance between them
  • Spherical Capacitor: Capacitance (C) = 4πε₀R/(R-r). where R is the outer radius, and r is the inner radius.
  • Cylindrical Capacitor: Capacitance (C) = 2πε₀L/(ln(b/a)). where L is the length, b is the outer radius and a is the inner radius
  • Dielectric Constant: The ratio of the capacitance of a capacitor when filled with a dielectric material to its capacitance when the dielectric is air or a vacuum. This depends on the material.

Chapter 3

  • Current Density (J): Current per unit area. J = I/A
  • Drift Velocity (Vd): Average velocity of charge carriers in a conductor.
  • Power (P): Rate of doing work. P = VI = I²R = V²/R
  • Resistance (R): Opposition to the flow of current.
  • Resistivity (ρ): A material property indicating how strongly it resists current flow.
  • Conductivity (σ): A material property indicating how easily it allows current flow (the inverse of resistivity). σ=1/ρ

Chapter 4

  • Magnetic Force on a Moving Point Charge (F): F = qvBsinθ. Where q is the charge, v is the velocity of the charge, B is the magnetic field, and θ is the angle between v and B.
  • Magnetic Field due to a Current Carrying Loop (B): Formula depending on the shape of the loop, varies according to the configuration
  • Magnetic Field due to a Current Carrying Straight Wire (B): Formula depends on the position relative to the wire.
  • Cyclotron Frequency: Formula to calculate the frequency (f) at which a charged particle travels in a cyclotron.
  • Lorentz force: The force exerted on a charged particle moving through a magnetic field.
  • Magnetic Moment (M): A vector quantity representing the magnetic strength and orientation of a magnetic dipole.

Chapter 5

  • Magnetic Intensity (H): measure of the magnetic field strength.
  • Magnetic Moment (M): A property of a magnet related to its strength.
  • Time Period (T): Time taken for one complete oscillation
  • Intensity of magnetization: relates to the strength of magnetization in a material

Chapter 6

  • Lenz's Law: The direction of an induced current is such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it.
  • Inductive Reactance (XL): opposition of an inductor to the flow of alternating current.
  • Capacitive Reactance (XC): Opposition of a capacitor to the flow of alternating current.
  • Impedance (Z): Overall opposition of a circuit to alternating current.
  • Efficiency η): Ratio of output power to input power, expressed as a percentage.
  • Step-up transformer: Increases voltage, voltage ratio is NS/NP
  • Step-down transformer: Decreases voltage, voltage ratio is NP/NS

Chapter 7

  • Intensity of magnetization: relates to the strength of magnetization in a material
  • Wave number: number of waves per unit length.
  • Simple Microscope: Magnification equation

Chapter 8

  • Electromagnetic Waves: Waves that are created by the oscillation of electric and magnetic fields. Characterized by frequency, wavelength, and speed.
  • Transverse Waves: Waves in which the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of the wave's propagation.

Chapter 9

  • Snell's Law: Describes how light bends when it enters a medium with a different refractive index. n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂.
  • Angular Dispersion: The separation of white light into its constituent colors.
  • Snell's Law: Formula relating the angles of incidence and refraction to the refractive indices of the two media.

Chapter 10

  • Width of Interference Fringe: The distance between successive bright or dark fringes in an interference pattern.
  • Path Difference: Difference in the optical paths taken by two or more interfering waves.
  • Path Difference formulas: For bright and dark fringes.

Chapter 11

  • de Broglie Wavelength: Wavelength of a particle, related to its momentum.
  • Photon Energy: Energy of a photon related to its frequency and wavelength (E=hv=hc/λ.)
  • Photoelectric Effect: Emission of electrons from a material when light shines on it.
  • Ryderberg constant: Fundamental constant in atomic physics

Chapter 12

  • Units and Dimensions: Units and associated dimensions of different physical quantities.
  • Magnetic field units: Tesla (T).
  • Magnetic pole moment: Unit: A-m

Chapter 13

  • Inductance: (L). Unit: Henry (H)
  • Reactance: (X). Unit: Ohms
  • Impedance: (Z): Unit: Ohms
  • Refractive index: A dimensionless quantity representing the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in a given medium.

Chapter 14

  • N-type/P-type semiconductors: Materials with differing electron properties.
  • Diodes/Transistors: Electronic devices
  • Binary Numbers: Base-2 numbering system.
  • Logic Gates: AND/OR/NOT etc. logical operations.
  • Radioactivity/decay constant: Formula for decay rate etc.

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Description

Explore key concepts in physics from Chapter 1 and 2, focusing on electrostatics, including Coulomb's Law, electric field intensity, and ohm's law. Test your understanding of electric flux, dipole moments, and the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. Ideal for students looking to strengthen their foundational knowledge in electricity and magnetism.

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