Physics: Base and Derived Quantities
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a base quantity in the International System of Units (SI)?

  • Mass
  • Energy (correct)
  • Time
  • Length

    • Derived quantities are defined independently and cannot be expressed in terms of base quantities.

    False

    Name one example of a base quantity.

    Length

    The SI unit for mass is the ______.

    <p>kilogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the derived unit for pressure?

    <p>N/m²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following derived quantities with their corresponding formulas:

    <p>Speed = Length/Time Force = Mass×Acceleration Pressure = Force/Area Energy = Force×Distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Base quantities are ______ and cannot be derived from other quantities.

    <p>independent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are exactly 7 base quantities recognized in the SI system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of using SI units in global trade?

    <p>They eliminate confusion and ensure consistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SI units are based on the metric system, which simplifies conversions through multiplication and division by powers of ten.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are SI units essential in technological development?

    <p>They ensure standardized measurements for manufacturing and safety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One benefit of SI units is that they provide a _____ framework applicable across various disciplines.

    <p>unified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following key reasons for the importance of SI units to their definitions:

    <p>Global Standardization = Facilitates international trade and collaboration Precision and Accuracy = Based on reproducible physical constants Simplifies Conversions = Based on the decimal system Educational Consistency = Common foundation for scientific principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current definition of a meter based on?

    <p>The distance a light beam travels in a specific time frame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SI units are not universally taught in schools around the world.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Provide one example of a critical error that could occur due to the lack of SI units.

    <p>The Mars Climate Orbiter crash.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the position vector represent?

    <p>A point's location relative to the origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parallel vectors can have different magnitudes but must have the same direction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define a negative vector.

    <p>A vector with the same magnitude as a given vector but opposite in direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A vector that represents the shortest path between two points is called a __________ vector.

    <p>displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vector types with their definitions:

    <p>Equal Vectors = Vectors with same magnitude and direction Orthogonal Vectors = Vectors that are perpendicular to each other Collinear Vectors = Vectors lying along the same line Coplanar Vectors = Vectors that lie in the same plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs of vectors are orthogonal?

    <p>(1, 0) and (0, 1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A fixed vector can change its initial point without altering its properties.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines collinear vectors?

    <p>Vectors that lie along the same line or parallel lines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What temperature scale is primarily used in the United States?

    <p>Fahrenheit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mercury thermometers are more sensitive to small temperature changes than alcohol thermometers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the boiling point of water in Celsius?

    <p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The freezing point of water is 32°F in the ______ scale.

    <p>Fahrenheit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the temperature scales with their characteristics:

    <p>Celsius = 0°C is freezing point of water Fahrenheit = 32°F is freezing point of water Kelvin = 0 K is absolute zero Common Usage = Widely used in daily life and science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which thermometer type is best for precise readings at high temperatures?

    <p>Mercury thermometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Kelvin scale has the same interval divisions as the Celsius scale.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the conversion formula from Celsius to Kelvin?

    <p>K = C + 273.15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of heat transfer does not require a medium?

    <p>Radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conduction involves heat transfer through bulk fluid movement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the center of gravity (CoG) in the stability of objects?

    <p>The CoG affects how weight is distributed, influencing stability and balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heat from the Sun travels to Earth through ______.

    <p>vacuum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following methods of heat transfer with their characteristics:

    <p>Conduction = Direct molecular contact Convection = Bulk fluid movement Radiation = Electromagnetic waves Thermal conduction = Occurs in solids only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the center of gravity on the x-axis?

    <p>xCoG = ∑(Wi⋅xi) / ∑Wi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In convection, heat is transferred through solids only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one example of radiation heat transfer.

    <p>Feeling warmth from a fire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between Celsius and Kelvin?

    <p>K = C + 273.15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fahrenheit is primarily used in scientific circles around the world.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the freezing point of water in Fahrenheit?

    <p>32°F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formula to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit is F = (C × ______) + 32.

    <p>9/5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following forces with their descriptions:

    <p>Frictional Force = Resistance when two surfaces slide Tension Force = Force exerted through a rope when pulled Normal Force = Support force perpendicular to an object Applied Force = Direct push or pull by a person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the division scale for Fahrenheit between the freezing and boiling points of water?

    <p>180 divisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contact force? Provide one example.

    <p>A force that occurs when two objects are in contact, e.g., frictional force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kelvin and Celsius scales have different intervals for measuring temperature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of non-contact forces?

    <p>They operate through a field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gravitational force is an example of a contact force.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of heat transfer by conduction.

    <p>A metal spoon becoming hot in boiling water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Convection requires a ______ medium for heat transfer.

    <p>fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about conduction is true?

    <p>It requires a medium and occurs between molecules in contact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-contact forces can only act over short distances.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism behind convection?

    <p>Warm, less dense fluid rises while cooler, denser fluid sinks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is measured in units such as joules (J) or calories?

    <p>Heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Temperature is a measure of the total energy of all the particles in a substance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of thermometer can measure temperatures down to -70°C?

    <p>Alcohol thermometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heat flows from a ______ object to a ______ object.

    <p>hot, cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following thermometers with their properties:

    <p>Alcohol Thermometer = Less toxic and suitable for low temperatures Mercury Thermometer = Suitable for high temperatures and hazardous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which thermometer type contains mercury as the thermometric liquid?

    <p>Mercury Thermometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one property of alcohol thermometers that makes them easier to read.

    <p>Colored alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both alcohol and mercury thermometers can measure very high temperatures equally well.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a vector quantity?

    <p>Has both magnitude and direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scalars have both magnitude and direction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Velocity is an example of a __________ quantity.

    <p>vector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following quantities with their type (Scalar or Vector):

    <p>Force = Vector Temperature = Scalar Displacement = Vector Time = Scalar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which operation is typically used for vector quantities?

    <p>Vector addition and subtraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scalar quantities can only be expressed by using complex notations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The notation for vector quantities usually includes an arrow over the symbol or is written in __________.

    <p>bold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary scale used in scientific calculations that starts from absolute zero?

    <p>Kelvin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mercury thermometers are less durable than alcohol thermometers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Celsius scale, the freezing point of water is _____ °C.

    <p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperature scale is commonly used in healthcare settings?

    <p>Celsius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the temperature scales with their properties:

    <p>Celsius = Used widely in science and daily life Fahrenheit = Commonly used in the United States Kelvin = An absolute temperature scale starting from absolute zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain one advantage of using mercury thermometers over alcohol thermometers.

    <p>Mercury thermometers provide more accurate readings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conversion formula from Celsius to Kelvin is K = C + _____

    <p>273.15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Celsius and Kelvin have different interval divisions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The boiling point of water in Fahrenheit is __________.

    <p>212</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the temperature scale with its primary usage:

    <p>Celsius = Global &amp; scientific Kelvin = Scientific Fahrenheit = U.S. &amp; territories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a contact force?

    <p>Frictional Force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fahrenheit scale is based on absolute zero.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a non-contact force?

    <p>A force that acts on an object without physical contact, such as gravitational or magnetic force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes radiation in heat transfer?

    <p>Transfers heat using electromagnetic waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Convection involves heat transfer through direct molecular contact.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between conduction and convection?

    <p>Conduction involves direct contact, while convection involves bulk fluid movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formula to calculate the center of gravity for the x-axis is xCoG = ______.

    <p>∑(Wi⋅xi)∑Wi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the method of heat transfer with its correct mechanism:

    <p>Conduction = Direct molecular contact Convection = Bulk fluid movement Radiation = Electromagnetic waves None = Requires no medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of radiation in daily life?

    <p>Feeling warmth from a heater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The center of gravity is always located at the geometric center of an object.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you determine the center of gravity for an irregular object?

    <p>Break the object into smaller parts and apply the formula for each axis using their weights and coordinates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Base Quantities

    • Definition: Fundamental physical quantities defined independently, not derived from others
    • Examples: Length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, luminous intensity
    • SI Units: Each base quantity has a unique base unit (e.g., meter for length, kilogram for mass)
    • Importance: Form the foundation for all other physical quantities

    Derived Quantities

    • Definition: Physical quantities defined using mathematical relationships with base quantities
    • Examples: Speed, force, pressure, energy
    • SI Units: Derived quantities have units that are combinations of base units (e.g., Newton = kg·m/s², Pascal = N/m²)
    • Importance: Allow describing complex physical phenomena using relationships between base quantities

    Importance of SI units

    • Global standardization: Eliminates confusion in international contexts, facilitates trade and collaboration.
    • Precision and accuracy: Based on reproducible physical constants, measurements remain consistent over time.
    • Interdisciplinary application: Provides a unified framework for various fields (physics, chemistry, engineering).
    • Simplifies conversions: Based on the decimal system for easier unit conversion.
    • Supports technological development: Enables quality control in manufacturing and engineering.
    • Legal and economic framework: Enforces fairness and consistency in trade and legal documents.
    • Educational consistency: Provides a universal foundation for understanding scientific principles.
    • Example impact: Prevents errors, crucial in collaborative projects.

    Scalar and Vector Quantities

    • Scalar Quantity: Has only magnitude.
    • Examples: Distance, speed, mass, energy, temperature
    • Vector Quantity: Has magnitude and direction.
    • Examples: Displacement, velocity, force, acceleration
    • Mathematical Operations: Scalars use simple arithmetic, vectors require vector addition/subtraction.
    • Dependence on Direction: Scalars are independent of direction, while vectors are direction-dependent.
    • Notation: Scalars are written with symbols (e.g., m, t), while vectors are written in boldface or with arrows (e.g., vec{F},\mathbf{v}).

    Types of Vectors

    • Zero Vector (Null Vector): Zero magnitude, no specific direction, identity element for vector addition.
    • Unit Vector: Magnitude of 1, used to indicate direction.
    • Position Vector: Represents position of a point relative to the origin
    • Equal Vectors: Same magnitude and direction, independent of initial point.
    • Negative Vector: Same magnitude, opposite direction.
    • Parallel Vectors: Same or exactly opposite directions
    • Collinear Vectors: Lie along the same line or parallel lines
    • Orthogonal Vectors: Perpendicular to each other, dot product is zero
    • Coplanar Vectors: Lie in the same plane

    Methods of Heat Transfer

    • Conduction: Heat transfer via direct contact between molecules, requires a medium (solid, liquid, or gas).
    • Convection: Heat transfer through bulk movement of fluids (liquids or gases), occurs due to temperature and density differences.
    • Radiation: Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves, does not require a medium.

    Calculating the Center of Gravity (CoG)

    • Definition: Point where the entire weight of an object acts, regardless of orientation.
    • Calculation steps:
      • Break the object into smaller parts.
      • Assign coordinates (x, y, z) for each part.
      • Determine the weight of each part (Wi).
      • Calculate the CoG for each axis using formulas (xCoG = ∑(Wi·xi) / ∑Wi, etc.).
      • Combine the CoG coordinates (xCoG, yCoG, zCoG).
    • Effect on Stability: Low CoG improves stability, high CoG reduces it. Base of support also plays a role.

    Kinetic Theory of Gases

    • Key Assumptions: Molecules are in constant, random motion. Negligible intermolecular forces. Molecules occupy negligible volume. Collisions are perfectly elastic. Pressure arises from molecular collisions. Temperature is proportional to average kinetic energy.
    • Key Results: Pressure and volume are related (Boyle's Law). Temperature and kinetic energy are related. Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution describes molecular speeds. Equation of State for Ideal Gases (PV = nRT).

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of base and derived quantities in physics. This quiz covers definitions, examples, and the significance of SI units. Test your understanding of how these quantities relate to real-world applications.

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