Physics and Genetics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What fundamental concept did Planck's hypothesis introduce regarding energy?

  • Energy exists as a continuous spectrum of values.
  • Energy can be infinitely divided into smaller units.
  • Energy is quantized, existing only in discrete packets. (correct)
  • Energy is directly proportional to the frequency of electromagnetic radiation.

    • How did Albert Einstein validate Planck's hypothesis?

  • By contradicting Planck's constant.
  • By disproving the existence of photons.
  • By extending it to explain the photoelectric effect. (correct)
  • By demonstrating that energy is a continuous wave.

    • What significance does the Planck length have as a unit of measurement?

  • It is the smallest unit of measurement possible. (correct)
  • It is equal to the diameter of an atom.
  • It is the largest unit of measurement possible.
  • It is the standard unit of length in the metric system.

    • What is the approximate value of Planck time?

    <p>$5 \times 10^{-43}$ seconds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides defining new physical units and the concept of energy quantization, Planck's work directly paved the way for:

    <p>Modern technologies such as solar power. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key observation led Morgan to initially link the white-eyed trait in fruit flies to sex?

    <p>The white-eyed trait exclusively appeared in male flies in the second generation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What broader implication did Morgan's fly experiments have for understanding genes?

    <p>They revealed that genes occupy specific locations on chromosomes, allowing for genetic mapping. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way did Morgan's work represent a turning point in the field of genetics?

    <p>By extending Mendel's principles from plants to animals, solidifying the chromosomal theory of inheritance, and laying the groundwork for modern genetics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the understanding of sex chromosomes contribute to Morgan's conclusions about the white-eyed trait?

    <p>Since male sex chromosomes are X and Y and the white-eyed trait was seen in only males, Morgan concluded that the trait must be carried on the X chromosome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Marie Curie passionate about?

    <p>Radioactivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Sex-linked traits

    Traits that are associated with genes located on sex chromosomes, often affecting one gender more than the other.

    Morgan's fly experiments

    Experiments conducted by Thomas Morgan using fruit flies to demonstrate the inheritance of traits and support the chromosomal theory.

    Chromosomal theory of inheritance

    Theory proposing that genes are located on chromosomes and that inheritance is governed by the behaviors of these chromosomes during reproduction.

    White-eyed trait in flies

    A specific trait observed in male fruit flies that is linked to the Y sex chromosome, demonstrating sex-linked inheritance.

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    Marie Curie's contributions

    Marie Curie's research on radioactivity significantly advanced scientific understanding and opened new fields of study.

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    Planck's Hypothesis

    Proposes that energy is emitted in discrete packets called quanta.

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    Photoelectric Effect

    The emission of electrons from a material when exposed to light.

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    Planck Constant (h)

    A fundamental constant that relates energy and frequency of radiation.

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    Planck Length

    The smallest measurable unit of length, 1.6 x 10^-35 meters.

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    Planck Time

    The smallest measurable unit of time, 5 x 10^-43 seconds.

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    Study Notes

    Scientists Who Changed History

    • This book features biographies of prominent scientists.
    • The book highlights key milestones and discoveries of various scientists.

    Santiago Ramón y Cajal

    • Nobel Prize-winning neuroscientist.
    • Used microscopes to study the organization of the nervous system.
    • First to realize the nervous system is composed of independent cells.
    • Modified Golgi's staining technique to illuminate human brain tissue.
    • Demonstrated that nerve cells are separate units, challenging existing theories.
    • Published a major work on the nervous system in 1899.
    • Won a Nobel Prize in 1906, jointly with Camillo Golgi.

    Camillo Golgi

    • Italian doctor who invented a tissue-staining technique.
    • Used silver nitrate to stain nerve cells—allowing scientists to see them clearly.
    • Concluded erroneously that nerve cells formed a continuous network (reticular theory).
    • His technique paved the way for Cajal's discoveries.
    • Won a Nobel Prize in 1906, jointly with Santiago Ramón y Cajal.

    Max Planck

    • German physicist.
    • Developed quantum theory.
    • Showed that energy is emitted in fixed packets (quanta).
    • Fundamental work that altered view of the subatomic world.
    • Received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1919.

    Nettie Stevens

    • Early 20th-century US biologist.
    • Pioneered the discovery that sex is determined by chromosomes.
    • Showed that males have XY chromosomes and females have XX
    • Concluded that sex determination is determined by chromosomes.
    • Publishes work in 1905.

    George Washington Carver

    • African American agricultural scientist and experimenter.
    • Developed commercial products from crops like peanuts.
    • Helped to improve the economy of the Southern US by improving soil.
    • Pioneered using methods of crop cultivation other than cotton.
    • Wrote 1864-1943.
    • Invented 287 products from peanuts, 118 from sweet potatoes.
    • Spoke before the US House of Representatives in 1921 and received a standing ovation.
    • Received the Spingarn Medal in 1923 for outstanding achievement.

    Thomas Hunt Morgan

    • US geneticist and zoologist
    • Nobel Prize in 1933.
    • Confirmed role of chromosomes in heredity.
    • Work followed Gregor Mendel's research into inheritance.
    • Established a fruit fly laboratory at Columbia University to study heredity.
    • Detailed the function of chromosomes in genes.

    Marie Curie

    • Polish and Naturalized-French physicist and chemist
    • Pioneer in radioactivity research.
    • Discovered two new radioactive elements: polonium and radium.
    • Won Nobel Prizes in Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911).
    • Her work paved the way for radiotherapy in cancer treatment.
    • Worked with Henri Becquerel and Pierre Curie.

    Ernest Rutherford

    • 1871 to 1937.
    • Proposed the "nuclear" model of the atom.
    • Discovered alpha and beta radiation.
    • Found the existence of the atomic nucleus.
    • Did further research into radioactivity.

    António Egas Moniz

    • Portuguese neurologist.
    • Developed the controversial surgical procedure called a lobotomy.
    • First neurological professor at University of Lisbon.
    • Nobel Prize in Medicine 1949
    • 1874-1955

    Lise Meitner

    • Austrian theoretical nuclear physicist.
    • Coined the term "nuclear fission."
    • Explained the splitting of uranium atoms.
    • Co-authored a paper on nuclear fission with Otto Hahn.

    Albert Einstein

    • German-born theoretical physicist.
    • Developed the theory of relativity.
    • His work fundamentally changed the understanding of space and time.

    Satyendra Nath Bose

    • Indian physicist.
    • Worked with Albert Einstein on the behavior of photons.

    Jane Goodall

    • British primatologist.
    • Expert on chimpanzees.
    • Studied chimpanzee behavior for over 55 years.
    • Key findings included chimpanzee intelligence, social behaviors, and tool use.
    • Founded the Jane Goodall Institute.

    Valentina Tereshkova

    • Soviet cosmonaut.
    • First woman to travel in space.

    Patricia Bath

    • American ophthalmologist and inventor.
    • First African American female ophthalmologist
    • Pioneered the use of lasers to treat cataracts
    • Key advances in ophthalmology and sight-saving treatments
    • 1942 - present

    Stephen Hawking

    • Renowned theoretical physicist.
    • Used mathematical tools to understand the nature of black holes and the origins of the Universe.
    • Published "A Brief History of Time".
    • 1942 to 2018.

    Jocelyn Bell Burnell

    • British astrophysicist.
    • Discovered the first pulsars.
    • Shared the Nobel Prize for her work with her supervisor, Antony Hewish.

    Tak Wah Mak

    • Immunologist and molecular biologist.
    • Discovered how T-cells recognize antigens.
    • Helped to advance our molecular knowledge of cancer cells.

    Tim Berners-Lee

    • British computer scientist.
    • Invented the World Wide Web.
    • 1955 - present.
    • Key inventions were HTML and HTTP, the language for creating and displaying webpages

    J.C.R. Licklider

    • American computer scientist, early champion of computer development.
    • Commissioned the Arpanet which is the precursor to the internet.

    Other Important Scientists (from Directory section):

    • Fred Hoyle (astrophysicist)
    • Katherine Johnson (mathematician)
    • Yvonne Brill (engineer/space engineer)
    • Abdus Salam (physicist)
    • Vera Rubin (astronomer)
    • Peter Higgs (physicist)
    • Eric Kandel (neurobiologist)
    • Mario Molina (chemist)
    • Donna Strickland (physicist)
    • Lap-chee Tsui (medical geneticist)
    • Mae Carol Jemison (astronaut/medical doctor)
    • Carol Greider (molecular biologist)

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts from quantum physics and classical genetics. This quiz covers foundational ideas introduced by Planck and Einstein, as well as Morgan's groundbreaking experiments with fruit flies. Dive into the significance of energy quantization and the implications for genetic inheritance.

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