Physics and Chemistry Overview

Definition: The study of matter, energy, and the interactions between them.
Key Concepts:
- Mechanics: Motion, forces, energy, and momentum.
  - Newton's Laws of Motion:
    1. An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a force.
    2. Force equals mass times acceleration (F=ma).
    3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
- Thermodynamics: Heat, energy transfer, and laws of thermodynamics.
  - First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
  - Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases.
- Electromagnetism: Study of electric charges, electric fields, magnetic fields, and their interactions.
- Quantum Mechanics: Behavior of matter and energy at atomic and subatomic levels, wave-particle duality.

Definition: The study of substances, their properties, and how they interact, combine, and change.
Key Concepts:
- Atoms and Molecules: Basic unit of elements (atoms) and compounds (molecules).
  - Periodic Table: Organizes elements by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.
- Chemical Bonds:
  - Ionic Bonds: Transfer of electrons between atoms.
  - Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons between atoms.
- Reactions: Processes that result in the transformation of substances.
  - Types: Synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion.
- Stoichiometry: Calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions using mole ratios.

Definition: The study of living organisms, their structure, function, growth, evolution, and interactions.
Key Concepts:
- Cell Theory:
  - All living things are composed of cells.
  - The cell is the basic unit of life.
  - All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
- Genetics: Study of heredity and variation in organisms.
  - DNA structure: Double helix, composed of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).
  - Mendelian genetics: Principles of inheritance (dominant and recessive traits).
- Evolution: Change in species over time through natural selection and genetic drift.
- Ecology: Interactions between organisms and their environment, including ecosystems and biodiversity.
- Homeostasis: The ability of organisms to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.

Definition: The study of matter, energy, and their interactions.
Key Concepts:
- Mechanics: Involves motion, forces, energy, and momentum.
- Newton's Laws of Motion:
  - An object at rest remains at rest unless acted upon; an object in motion continues in motion unless acted upon.
  - Force (F) is the product of mass (m) and acceleration (a) - ( F = ma ).
  - Every action results in an equal and opposite reaction.
- Thermodynamics: Focuses on heat and energy transfer, governed by laws.
  - First Law: Energy is conserved; it cannot be created or destroyed.
  - Second Law: Entropy in an isolated system always increases, indicating the direction of spontaneous processes.
- Electromagnetism: Studies the behavior of electric charges and their interactions with fields.
- Quantum Mechanics: Examines the behavior of matter and energy at atomic and subatomic scales, emphasizing wave-particle duality.

Definition: The study of substances, their properties, and transformations.
Key Concepts:
- Atoms and Molecules: Atoms are the basic unit of elements, while molecules are composed of two or more atoms.
- Periodic Table: Arranges elements by atomic number, revealing trends in electron configuration and chemical properties.
- Chemical Bonds:
  - Ionic Bonds: Formed through the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
  - Covalent Bonds: Involve the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
- Reactions: Transformations of substances categorized as:
  - Synthesis: Combining elements to form a compound.
  - Decomposition: Breaking down compounds into simpler substances.
  - Single Replacement: One element replaces another in a compound.
  - Double Replacement: Two compounds exchange partners.
  - Combustion: Reaction with oxygen, often producing heat and light.
- Stoichiometry: Involves calculations related to the quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions, using mole ratios.

Definition: The study of living organisms and their interactions with the environment.
Key Concepts:
- Cell Theory:
  - All living organisms are made of cells.
  - Cells are the fundamental unit of life.
  - New cells arise from existing cells.
- Genetics: Examines heredity and variation.
  - DNA Structure: Comprised of a double helix formed by nucleotides - adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
  - Mendelian Genetics: Explores the inheritance patterns of traits, including dominant and recessive alleles.
- Evolution: Describes species change over time primarily through natural selection and genetic drift.
- Ecology: Studies the interactions of organisms with each other and their environment, including the dynamics of ecosystems and biodiversity.
- Homeostasis: Refers to the ability of organisms to maintain stable internal conditions despite changes in the external environment.