Physics and Chemistry Overview

Physics (MH Board)

• Kinematics

  • Study of motion without considering forces.
  • Key equations of motion (s = ut + 1/2 at²).

• Dynamics

  • Newton's Laws of Motion:
    • 1st: An object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon.
    • 2nd: F = ma (force equals mass times acceleration).
    • 3rd: For every action, there's an equal and opposite reaction.

• Work, Energy, and Power

  • Work = Force × Distance × cos(θ)
  • Kinetic Energy (KE) = 1/2 mv²
  • Potential Energy (PE) = mgh
  • Power = Work done / Time

• Waves

  • Types: Longitudinal and Transverse.
  • Key concepts: Frequency, wavelength, amplitude.

Chemistry (MH Board)

• Atomic Structure

  • Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
  • Atomic number = number of protons; Mass number = protons + neutrons.

• Periodic Table

  • Elements arranged by increasing atomic number.
  • Groups: Vertical columns, similar properties.
  • Periods: Horizontal rows, indicate energy levels.

• Chemical Bonding

  • Ionic Bonds: Transfer of electrons between atoms.
  • Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons.

• Stoichiometry

  • Study of quantitative relationships in chemical reactions.
  • Mole concept: 1 mole = 6.022 × 10²³ particles.

Maths (MH Board)

• Algebra

  • Linear equations: Form ax + b = 0.
  • Quadratic equations: Form ax² + bx + c = 0; solutions via factoring or quadratic formula.

• Geometry

  • Basic shapes: Triangle, square, circle; properties and formulas (area, perimeter).
  • Theorems: Pythagorean theorem (a² + b² = c²).

• Trigonometry

  • Ratios: Sine, cosine, tangent.
  • Relationships: SOH-CAH-TOA for right triangles.

• Calculus

  • Limits: Concept of approaching a value.
  • Derivatives: Measure of how a function changes.
  • Integrals: Area under a curve.

Biology (MH Board)

• Cell Biology

  • Basic unit of life = cell.
  • Types: Prokaryotic (no nucleus) and Eukaryotic (nucleus present).

• Genetics

  • DNA structure: Double helix, base pairs (A-T, C-G).
  • Mendelian inheritance: Dominant and recessive traits.

• Human Anatomy

  • Major systems: Circulatory, respiratory, digestive.
  • Functions of organs: Heart pumps blood, lungs facilitate gas exchange.

• Ecology

  • Study of interactions between organisms and environment.
  • Ecosystems: Community of living organisms interacting with their physical environment.

Physics

• Kinematics involves analyzing motion independent of forces, utilizing equations like s = ut + 1/2 at².
• Dynamics centers around Newton's Laws of Motion:
  • An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
  • The 2nd law defines force as the product of mass (m) and acceleration (a), stated as F = ma.
  • The 3rd law emphasizes that every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
• Work is calculated using the formula Work = Force × Distance × cos(θ).
• Kinetic Energy (KE) is given by the formula KE = 1/2 mv², highlighting the dependence on mass and velocity.
• Potential Energy (PE) is determined by PE = mgh, where g is acceleration due to gravity.
• Power is defined as the rate at which work is done, expressed as Power = Work done / Time.
• Waves are categorized as longitudinal (particle movement parallel to wave direction) and transverse (particle movement perpendicular).
• Key wave properties include frequency (number of waves per second), wavelength (distance between consecutive waves), and amplitude (height of the wave).

Chemistry

• Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons, with the atomic number reflecting the number of protons and mass number being the sum of protons and neutrons.
• The Periodic Table organizes elements by their atomic number, with vertical columns (groups) indicating elements with similar properties and horizontal rows (periods) representing energy levels.
• Chemical bonding includes:
  • Ionic Bonds, characterized by electron transfer between atoms.
  • Covalent Bonds, where electrons are shared between atoms.
• Stoichiometry addresses the quantitative relationships in chemical reactions, with the mole concept specifying that 1 mole equals 6.022 × 10²³ particles.

Maths

• Algebra includes linear equations in the form ax + b = 0 and quadratic equations expressed as ax² + bx + c = 0, solved through factoring or the quadratic formula.
• Geometry covers basic shapes such as triangles, squares, and circles, along with their properties and area/perimeter calculations.
• The Pythagorean theorem relates the sides of a right triangle: a² + b² = c².
• Trigonometry involves ratios such as sine, cosine, and tangent, with SOH-CAH-TOA being a useful mnemonic for calculating angles in right triangles.
• Calculus introduces key concepts such as limits (approaching a value), derivatives (rate of change of a function), and integrals (area under a curve).

Biology

• The cell is identified as the fundamental unit of life, with two main types: prokaryotic (lacking a nucleus) and eukaryotic (with a nucleus).
• In genetics, DNA is structured as a double helix with specific base pairs; Mendelian inheritance describes the pattern of dominant and recessive traits.
• Human anatomy comprises major systems like circulatory (heart and blood vessels), respiratory (lungs), and digestive (stomach and intestines), each with distinct organ functions.
• Ecology studies the relationships between organisms and their environment, focusing on ecosystems that consist of interacting living organisms and their physical surroundings.

This quiz covers fundamental concepts in both Physics and Chemistry, focusing on Kinematics, Dynamics, Work, Energy, Power, and Atomic Structure. It also addresses the Periodic Table and the properties of elements. Test your knowledge of these key scientific principles.