Physics and Chemistry Overview

Definition: The study of matter, energy, and the fundamental forces of nature.
Key Concepts:
- Laws of Motion: Newton's laws describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting on it.
- Energy: Types include kinetic, potential, thermal, and chemical energy.
- Thermodynamics: Study of heat, work, and energy transfer; key laws include conservation of energy and entropy.
- Electromagnetism: Interactions between electric charges and magnetic fields; described by Maxwell's equations.
- Quantum Mechanics: Study of particles at atomic and subatomic levels; introduces concepts like wave-particle duality and uncertainty principle.

Definition: The study of matter, its properties, composition, and the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.
Key Concepts:
- Atoms and Molecules: Basic unit of elements (atom) and chemical compounds (molecule).
- Periodic Table: Organizes elements by atomic number; groups and periods indicate similar properties.
- Chemical Reactions: Processes that involve rearrangement of atomic bonds; types include synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, and double replacement.
- Acids and Bases: Acids release H⁺ in solutions, while bases release OH⁻; pH scale measures acidity/basicity.
- Stoichiometry: Calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions based on the conservation of mass.

Definition: The study of living organisms, their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution.
Key Concepts:
- Cell Theory: All living organisms are composed of cells; cells are the basic unit of life.
- Genetics: Study of heredity and variation in organisms; DNA is the genetic material that carries information.
- Evolution: Process by which species change over time through natural selection and genetic drift.
- Ecology: Study of interactions between organisms and their environment; includes concepts like ecosystems and food chains.
- Physiology: Study of the functions and processes of living organisms and their parts.

Focuses on understanding matter, energy, and nature's fundamental forces.
Newton's laws of motion describe how bodies interact with forces, emphasizing inertia and acceleration.
Energy exists in various forms including:
- Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion.
- Potential Energy: Stored energy based on position.
- Thermal Energy: Internal energy related to temperature.
- Chemical Energy: Energy stored in chemical bonds.
Thermodynamics involves principles governing heat, work, and energy transfer, highlighted by:
- Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
- Entropy: Measure of disorder in a system.
Electromagnetism explains interactions between electric charges and magnetic fields, governed by Maxwell's equations, which unify electricity and magnetism.
Quantum Mechanics explores the behavior of particles at atomic and subatomic levels, introducing wave-particle duality and the uncertainty principle, which describes limits of measuring simultaneously certain pairs of properties.

Examines matter's properties, composition, and transformations during chemical reactions.
Atoms are the fundamental units of elements, while molecules are combinations of atoms forming compounds.
The Periodic Table arranges elements by atomic number, with groups indicating similar chemical behavior and periods reflecting energy levels.
Chemical reactions are categorized into:
- Synthesis: Combining substances to form new compounds.
- Decomposition: Breaking down compounds into simpler substances.
- Single Replacement: One element replaces another in a compound.
- Double Replacement: Exchange of ions between two compounds.
Acids release hydrogen ions (H⁺) in solutions, whereas bases release hydroxide ions (OH⁻), with the pH scale quantifying acidity/basicity levels.
Stoichiometry involves calculating quantities of reactants and products in a reaction based on principles of mass conservation.

Studies living organisms and covers aspects such as structure, function, growth, and evolution.
Cell Theory asserts that all living things are made up of cells, emphasizing cells as the basic life unit.
Genetics involves heredity and variation, with DNA serving as the carrier of genetic information.
Evolution explains species changes over time through mechanisms like natural selection and genetic drift, demonstrating adaptation to environments.
Ecology investigates the relationships between organisms and their environments, incorporating concepts such as ecosystems, energy flow, and food chains.
Physiology examines the functions of living organisms and their parts, helping to understand processes like respiration, digestion, and circulation.