60 Questions
Which of the following is a major cause of cardiovascular disease death?
Stroke
What percentage of deaths in Australia are due to cardiovascular disease?
27%
Which of the following is NOT a non-modifiable risk factor for CVD?
Smoking
Which group has a greater impact of CVD in Australia?
Elderly
What is the role of physiotherapy and exercise in managing CVD?
They can help manage CVD
Which of the following is NOT a major health problem and healthcare burden in Australia?
Cancer
Which gender is at higher risk for CVD before menopause?
Men
What is the definition of hypertension?
Systolic BP >140 and/or diastolic BP >90 mmHg
What is the classification of clinical blood pressure levels for grade 1 hypertension?
Systolic BP <140 and diastolic BP <90 mmHg
What is the potential consequence of prolonged hypertension?
Hypertrophy and/or heart failure
What is the potential consequence of extreme low blood pressure?
Shock
What is the definition of hypotension?
Systolic BP <90 and diastolic BP <60 mmHg
What is isolated systolic hypertension?
Systolic BP >140 and diastolic BP <90 mmHg
What is orthostatic hypotension?
Sudden drop in BP when standing from a sitting position or after lying down
What is the most common cause of coronary heart disease (CHD)?
Atherosclerosis
What are the symptoms of uncontrolled bleeding and severe infection?
Confusion, cold and clammy skin, rapid and shallow breathing, weak and rapid pulse
What is the effect of regular physical exercise on hypertension?
It can prevent hypertension
What are the contraindications/precautions for regular physical activity in people with hypertension?
Both A and B
What is angina?
Chest pain due to ischemia of the heart muscle
What is the difference between acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and chronic ischemic heart disease?
ACS is a life-threatening condition requiring urgent thrombolytic therapy, while chronic ischemic heart disease involves recurrent and transient episodes of myocardial ischemia
What is atherosclerosis?
Formation of fibrofatty lesions/plaque in the intimal lining of arteries
What is the main difference between stable angina and unstable angina?
Stable angina is relieved with rest or medication, while unstable angina is not.
What is myocardial infarction (MI)?
A heart attack caused by permanent damage to heart muscle due to severe myocardial ischemia.
What are the symptoms of myocardial infarction (MI)?
Abrupt onset severe chest pain, crushing pain usually substernal & radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, gastrointestinal complaints, complaints of fatigue & weakness, tachycardia, anxiety, pale, cool and moist skin.
What is the medical management for myocardial infarction (MI)?
Thrombolytic therapy, Revascularisation interventions: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), Stents
What is heart failure (HF)?
A condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood flow to meet the metabolic needs of the peripheral tissue.
How can heart failure (HF) be classified?
Acute vs chronic HF, Based on severity (NYHA class), Left-sided vs right-sided HF
What is the main difference between STEMI and NSTEMI?
ST elevation MI (STEMI) shows ECG changes, while non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI) does not show ECG changes.
What are the symptoms of stable angina?
Chest pain that usually goes away with rest or angina medication, predictable, chest pain typically lasts short time (<5mins)
What is the medical emergency associated with unstable angina?
Myocardial infarction (MI)
Which of the following is a major source of glucose for the body?
Liver
What is the hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells?
Glucagon
What is the main characteristic of diabetes?
Hyperglycaemia
Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia?
Type 2 Diabetes
What is the medical emergency associated with Type 1 Diabetes?
Ketoacidosis
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Type 2 Diabetes?
High HDL cholesterol
What is the impact of diabetes on life expectancy in Australia?
Reduced by 8.2 and 7 years for males and females, respectively
What are the common macro/microvascular complications of diabetes?
Hypertension, retinopathy, neuropathy, kidney disease
What is the role of physiotherapy in the management of diabetes?
To help with exercise prescription and management of complications
What is the gold standard measure of glycaemic control?
Glycated haemaglobin (HbA1c)
What is the cluster of the most dangerous cardiovascular risk factors, which includes diabetes or pre-diabetes, abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia, and high blood pressure?
Metabolic syndrome
What is the condition in which blood glucose is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as diabetes, and often progresses to type 2 diabetes if left untreated?
Pre-diabetes
Which of the following is a complication of diabetes known as 'macrovascular disease'?
Atherosclerosis
What is the definition of hypoglycaemia?
Blood glucose < 4mmol/L
Which of the following is NOT a potential complication of diabetic peripheral neuropathy?
Resting bradycardia
Which of the following is a medication used to reduce hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes?
Metformin
What is the primary treatment for patients with type 1 diabetes?
Urgent treatment with insulin
What was the percentage reduction in risk of developing type 2 diabetes for the lifestyle intervention group compared to the placebo group in the study by Knowler et al. (2002)?
58%
What is the recommended duration of moderate intensity exercise for pregnant women with or at risk of gestational diabetes?
20-30 minutes daily
What is the effect of exercise on blood glucose levels for people with well-controlled type 1 diabetes?
Exercise decreases blood glucose levels
What is the recommended approach for people with type 2 diabetes who have advanced neuropathy?
Limit high impact/weight bearing exercise if advanced neuropathy
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of exercise for people with T2D?
Increasing insulin sensitivity for up to 72 hours after a single bout of exercise
What is the recommended combination of aerobic and resistance exercise for people with T2D?
A combination of both aerobic and resistance exercise
Which of the following is a relative contraindication to exercise for people with T2D?
Cachexia or sudden weight gain
Which of the following is NOT a recommended screening for people with diabetes before starting an exercise program?
Evaluation of cognitive function
What is the gold standard for evaluating physical fitness in people with diabetes?
CPET
What are the risk factors for hypoglycemia during exercise in people with unstable T2D?
Insulin or sulfonylurea medications
Which of the following best describes the position of Exercise and Sports Science Australia on exercise prescription for patients with T2D and prediabetes?
Exercise is an important component of the management of T2D and prediabetes.
What is the main focus of the article by Hansen et al (2013)?
Exercise assessment and prescription for patients with T2D in private and home care settings.
What is the main message conveyed in Diabetes Australia's (2011) position statement on language for diabetes?
All of the above.
WeeTest your knowledge on the effects of physical training on hypertension and the symptoms of shock in this informative quiz. Learn about how regular exercise can prevent hypertension and decrease blood pressure, as well as the signs and symptoms of shock such as confusion, shallow breathing, and weak pulse.
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