Week 9
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a major cause of cardiovascular disease death?

  • Diabetes
  • Cancer
  • Stroke (correct)
  • Asthma

What percentage of deaths in Australia are due to cardiovascular disease?

  • 75%
  • 27% (correct)
  • 10%
  • 50%

Which of the following is NOT a non-modifiable risk factor for CVD?

  • Family history of CVD
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Smoking (correct)

Which group has a greater impact of CVD in Australia?

<p>Elderly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of physiotherapy and exercise in managing CVD?

<p>They can help manage CVD (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major health problem and healthcare burden in Australia?

<p>Cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gender is at higher risk for CVD before menopause?

<p>Men (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of hypertension?

<p>Systolic BP &gt;140 and/or diastolic BP &gt;90 mmHg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of clinical blood pressure levels for grade 1 hypertension?

<p>Systolic BP &lt;140 and diastolic BP &lt;90 mmHg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of prolonged hypertension?

<p>Hypertrophy and/or heart failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of extreme low blood pressure?

<p>Shock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of hypotension?

<p>Systolic BP &lt;90 and diastolic BP &lt;60 mmHg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is isolated systolic hypertension?

<p>Systolic BP &gt;140 and diastolic BP &lt;90 mmHg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is orthostatic hypotension?

<p>Sudden drop in BP when standing from a sitting position or after lying down (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of coronary heart disease (CHD)?

<p>Atherosclerosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of uncontrolled bleeding and severe infection?

<p>Confusion, cold and clammy skin, rapid and shallow breathing, weak and rapid pulse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of regular physical exercise on hypertension?

<p>It can prevent hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the contraindications/precautions for regular physical activity in people with hypertension?

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is angina?

<p>Chest pain due to ischemia of the heart muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and chronic ischemic heart disease?

<p>ACS is a life-threatening condition requiring urgent thrombolytic therapy, while chronic ischemic heart disease involves recurrent and transient episodes of myocardial ischemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is atherosclerosis?

<p>Formation of fibrofatty lesions/plaque in the intimal lining of arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between stable angina and unstable angina?

<p>Stable angina is relieved with rest or medication, while unstable angina is not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is myocardial infarction (MI)?

<p>A heart attack caused by permanent damage to heart muscle due to severe myocardial ischemia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of myocardial infarction (MI)?

<p>Abrupt onset severe chest pain, crushing pain usually substernal &amp; radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, gastrointestinal complaints, complaints of fatigue &amp; weakness, tachycardia, anxiety, pale, cool and moist skin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the medical management for myocardial infarction (MI)?

<p>Thrombolytic therapy, Revascularisation interventions: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), Stents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is heart failure (HF)?

<p>A condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood flow to meet the metabolic needs of the peripheral tissue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can heart failure (HF) be classified?

<p>Acute vs chronic HF, Based on severity (NYHA class), Left-sided vs right-sided HF (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between STEMI and NSTEMI?

<p>ST elevation MI (STEMI) shows ECG changes, while non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI) does not show ECG changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of stable angina?

<p>Chest pain that usually goes away with rest or angina medication, predictable, chest pain typically lasts short time (&lt;5mins) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the medical emergency associated with unstable angina?

<p>Myocardial infarction (MI) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major source of glucose for the body?

<p>Liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells?

<p>Glucagon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of diabetes?

<p>Hyperglycaemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia?

<p>Type 2 Diabetes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the medical emergency associated with Type 1 Diabetes?

<p>Ketoacidosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Type 2 Diabetes?

<p>High HDL cholesterol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of diabetes on life expectancy in Australia?

<p>Reduced by 8.2 and 7 years for males and females, respectively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the common macro/microvascular complications of diabetes?

<p>Hypertension, retinopathy, neuropathy, kidney disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of physiotherapy in the management of diabetes?

<p>To help with exercise prescription and management of complications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gold standard measure of glycaemic control?

<p>Glycated haemaglobin (HbA1c) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cluster of the most dangerous cardiovascular risk factors, which includes diabetes or pre-diabetes, abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia, and high blood pressure?

<p>Metabolic syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition in which blood glucose is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as diabetes, and often progresses to type 2 diabetes if left untreated?

<p>Pre-diabetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a complication of diabetes known as 'macrovascular disease'?

<p>Atherosclerosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of hypoglycaemia?

<p>Blood glucose &lt; 4mmol/L (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential complication of diabetic peripheral neuropathy?

<p>Resting bradycardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a medication used to reduce hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes?

<p>Metformin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for patients with type 1 diabetes?

<p>Urgent treatment with insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the percentage reduction in risk of developing type 2 diabetes for the lifestyle intervention group compared to the placebo group in the study by Knowler et al. (2002)?

<p>58% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration of moderate intensity exercise for pregnant women with or at risk of gestational diabetes?

<p>20-30 minutes daily (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of exercise on blood glucose levels for people with well-controlled type 1 diabetes?

<p>Exercise decreases blood glucose levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for people with type 2 diabetes who have advanced neuropathy?

<p>Limit high impact/weight bearing exercise if advanced neuropathy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of exercise for people with T2D?

<p>Increasing insulin sensitivity for up to 72 hours after a single bout of exercise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended combination of aerobic and resistance exercise for people with T2D?

<p>A combination of both aerobic and resistance exercise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a relative contraindication to exercise for people with T2D?

<p>Cachexia or sudden weight gain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended screening for people with diabetes before starting an exercise program?

<p>Evaluation of cognitive function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gold standard for evaluating physical fitness in people with diabetes?

<p>CPET (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the risk factors for hypoglycemia during exercise in people with unstable T2D?

<p>Insulin or sulfonylurea medications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the position of Exercise and Sports Science Australia on exercise prescription for patients with T2D and prediabetes?

<p>Exercise is an important component of the management of T2D and prediabetes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the article by Hansen et al (2013)?

<p>Exercise assessment and prescription for patients with T2D in private and home care settings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main message conveyed in Diabetes Australia's (2011) position statement on language for diabetes?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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