Physical States of Matter Quiz

Unit 2: Matter in Our Surroundings

• Learning Outcome:
  • Students will be able to apply postulates of particle theory to explain material properties.
  • Matter will be categorized as element, compound, homogeneous or heterogeneous mixtures based on physical properties.
  • Structures of solids, liquids, and gases will be described in terms of particle arrangement and motion.
  • Physical and chemical properties and changes in matter will be differentiated.
  • Matter will be classified based on physical or chemical properties.
  • Properties of matter will be used to identify substances and mixtures.
  • Scientific inquiry skills, including observing, classifying, comparing, contrasting, making models, inferring, and applying concepts, will be demonstrated.

Main Contents

• 2.1 Characteristics and Nature of Matter:
  • Matter is anything with mass and occupies space.
  • Matter isn't just the things you can see, but also things like air and organisms.
  • Matter is made up of tiny particles in constant motion.
• 2.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
  • Physical properties are characteristics without changing the substance. (ex. color, odor, boiling point, freezing point, density, malleability, ductility, conductivity, etc).
  • Chemical properties describe how a substance reacts to form new substances. (ex. flammability, reactivity, oxidation, etc).
• 2.3 Classification of Substances
  • Pure substances are either elements or compounds.
  • Elements are composed of one kind of atom.
  • Compounds are formed when two or more elements combine chemically.
  • Mixtures are a combination of two or more substances, but they are not chemically bonded. Mixtures can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Homogeneous mixtures have uniform composition (ex: air, salt water), heterogeneous mixtures do not (ex: sand and water mixtures).
• 2.4 Physical and Chemical Changes of Substances:
  • Physical Changes: alter the form or appearance of a substance without changing its chemical composition (ex. melting, freezing, dissolving, evaporating).
  • Chemical Changes: involve a change in the chemical composition of a substance, forming new substances with different properties (ex. burning, rusting, oxidizing, rotting, etc).

2.1.1. Meaning and Properties of Matter

• Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
• Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
• Extensive properties are dependent on the amount of substance (ex: volume, mass, length).
• Intensive properties don't depend on the amount of substance (ex: temperature, density).

2.1.2 Particulate Nature of Matter

• All matter is composed of tiny particles (atoms, molecules, ions).
• These particles are in continuous motion with spaces between them.
• The motion and arrangement of particles vary depending on the state of matter.

2.1.3 Particle Theory of Matter

• All matter is made up of tiny particles.
• The particles of matter move continuously.
• The particles have spaces between them.
• Adding heat to matter makes the particles move faster.
• There are forces between the particles.
• Particles of one substance differ from particles of other substances.

2.1.4 Diffusion

• The spreading of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
• The rate of diffusion varies in different states of matter (solids, liquids, gases).

2.1.5 Properties of solids, liquids, and gases

• Solids have a fixed shape and volume; particles are tightly packed together.
• Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container; particles are more loosely packed.
• Gases have neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume; particles are widely separated.

2.1.6 Changes in State (Melting, Freezing, Evaporation, Condensation, Sublimation, Deposition)

• Melting: Solid to Liquid.
• Freezing: Liquid to Solid
• Evaporation: Liquid to Gas
• Condensation: Gas to Liquid
• Sublimation: Solid to Gas
• Deposition: Gas to Solid

2.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

• Physical Properties: Properties of a substance that can be observed without changing its chemical composition. (Ex: Color, Odor, Melting point, Boiling point, Density, Hardness, etc).
• Chemical Properties: Properties of a substance that describe how it reacts or changes to form new substances. (Ex: Flammability, Reactivity, Oxidation).

2.3 Classification of Substances (Elements, Compounds, Mixtures)

• Element: A substance composed of only one kind of atom.
• Compound: A substance composed of two or more different elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio. The properties of the compound are different than the elements.
• Mixture: A substance composed of two or more substances that are physically combined, but not chemically bonded. Properties are not different from constituent substances. Mixtures can be homogeneous or heterogeneous.

2.3.1 Pure Substances (Elements and Compounds)

• Elements: Cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means. Examples include oxygen, hydrogen, iron, gold.
• Compounds: Can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. Examples include water, salt, sugar, carbon dioxide.

2.3.2 Mixtures

• Mixtures: Two or more substances physically combined. The component substances retain their individual identities.
• Homogeneous Mixtures: Uniform composition throughout. Examples: saltwater, air, brass (containing zinc and copper).
• Heterogeneous Mixtures: Non-uniform composition, visibly different components present. Examples: sand and water, oil and water, sand and iron filings.

2.5 Separation of Mixtures

• Methods for separating mixtures include:

  • Magnet
  • Filtration
  • Evaporation

• Decantation: Separating a liquid from a solid by pouring off the liquid.

• Distillation: Separating liquids with different boiling points by heating and condensing.

Important Concepts

• Matter, States of Matter, Particle Theory
• Properties of Matter
• Changes in Matter (physical and chemical)
• Classification of Matter (pure substances, mixtures, elements, compounds)
• Separation of Mixtures