Physical Science L to J Words Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is an atom?

The largest unit of an element

A particle that cannot combine with other elements

The smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of the element (correct)

A particle with a positive charge

What is an Atomic Mass Unit?

Unit of mass that is exactly one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom

Define Atomic Number.

The number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of an element

What is the Atomic Radius?

One-half the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms that are bonded together Signup and view all the answers

What is Average Atomic Mass?

The weighted average of the atomic masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element Signup and view all the answers

What is Avogadro's Number?

The number of particles in exactly one mole of a pure substance Signup and view all the answers

What does Binary refer to in chemistry?

A compound composed of two elements Signup and view all the answers

What is Bond Energy?

The energy required to break a chemical bond and form neutral atoms Signup and view all the answers

Define Bond Length.

The distance between two bonded atoms at their minimum potential energy Signup and view all the answers

What is a Chemical Equation?

A representation, with formulas, of the identities and relative amounts of the reactants and products in a chemical reaction Signup and view all the answers

What does a Chemical Formula indicate?

Relative numbers of atoms of each kind in a chemical compound by using atomic symbols and numerical subscripts Signup and view all the answers

What is a Coefficient in chemistry?

A small whole number that appears in front of a formula in a chemical equation Signup and view all the answers

Define Combustion.

A reaction in which a substance combines with oxygen, releasing large amounts of energy in the form of heat and light Signup and view all the answers

What is Composition Stoichiometry?

Calculations involving the mass relationships of elements in compounds Signup and view all the answers

What is a Covalent Bond?

Chemical bond resulting from the sharing of an electron pair between two atoms Signup and view all the answers

Define Decomposition.

Reaction in which a single compound produces two or more simpler substances Signup and view all the answers

What does Density measure?

Ratio of mass to volume Signup and view all the answers

Define Dipole.

Equal but opposite charges that are separated by a short distance Signup and view all the answers

What is a Double Replacement reaction?

Reaction in which the ions of two compounds exchange places in an aqueous solution to form two new compounds Signup and view all the answers

What is Formula Mass?

The sum of the average atomic masses of all the atoms represented in the formula of any molecule, formula unit, or ion Signup and view all the answers

Define Formula Unit.

Simplest collection of atoms from which an ionic compound's formula can be estimated Signup and view all the answers

What is Ionic Bonding?

Chemical bond resulting from the electrical attractions between large numbers of cations and anions Signup and view all the answers

Define Ionic Compound.

Compound composed of positive and negative ions that are combined so that the numbers of positive and negative charges are equal Signup and view all the answers

What is an Isotope?

Atoms of the same element with different masses Signup and view all the answers

What is Lattice Energy?

Energy released when one mole of an ionic crystal is formed from gaseous ions Signup and view all the answers

State the Law of Conservation of Mass.

Mass is neither created nor destroyed during ordinary chemical and physical reactions Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Conservation of Energy state?

Energy is neither created nor destroyed during ordinary chemical and physical reactions Signup and view all the answers

What are Lewis Structures?

Formula in which atomic symbols represent nuclei and inner shell electrons, dot pairs or dashes represent electron pairs in covalent bonds, and dots adjacent to one atomic symbol represent unshared electrons Signup and view all the answers

Define Mass.

Measure of the amount of matter Signup and view all the answers

What is Mass Number?

Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an isotope Signup and view all the answers

Define Molar Mass.

Mass of one mole of a pure substance Signup and view all the answers

What is a Mole?

Amount of a substance that contains as many particles as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12 Signup and view all the answers

What is a Molecular Compound?

Chemical compound whose simplest units are molecules Signup and view all the answers

Define Molecule.

Formula showing the types and numbers of atoms combined in a single molecule of a molecular compound Signup and view all the answers

What is a Monoatomic Ion?

Ion formed from a single atom Signup and view all the answers

What is Nuclear Force?

Short range proton-proton, proton-neutron, or neutron-neutron force that holds the nucleus together Signup and view all the answers

Define Nonpolar Covalent Bond.

Bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally by the bonded atoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the Octet Rule?

Chemical compounds tend to form so that each atom, by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons, has an octet set of electrons in its highest occupied energy level Signup and view all the answers

What is a Periodic Table?

The arrangement of the elements in order of their atomic numbers so that elements with similar properties fall in the same group Signup and view all the answers

Define Polar Covalent Bond.

Covalent bond in which the bonded atoms have an unequal attraction for the shared electrons Signup and view all the answers

What are Polyatomic Ions?

Charged group of covalently bonded atoms Signup and view all the answers

Define Quantity.

Something that has magnitude, size, or amount Signup and view all the answers

What is a Resonance Structure?

Bonding in molecules or ions that cannot be correctly represented by a single Lewis structure Signup and view all the answers

What is Salt?

Ionic compound composed of a cation and an anion Signup and view all the answers

What are Valence Electrons?

Electrons that are available to be lost, gained, or shared in the formation of chemical compounds Signup and view all the answers

What does VSEPR Theory explain?

Repulsion between the sets of valence-level electrons surrounding an atom causes these sets to be oriented as far apart as possible Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Atom and Structure

Atoms are the smallest units of elements, preserving the element's properties.
Atomic Mass Unit (AMU) is defined as one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
Atomic Number indicates the number of protons in an atom's nucleus, determining elemental identity.
Atomic Radius is measured as half the distance between the nuclei of identical bonded atoms.
Average Atomic Mass reflects the weighted average of an element's isotopes' atomic masses.

Mole Concepts

Avogadro's Number signifies the number of particles in one mole of a substance.
A Mole is defined as the amount of substance containing as many particles as 12 g of carbon-12.
Molar Mass is the mass of one mole of a pure substance.

Chemical Bonding

A Binary compound consists of two distinct elements.
Bond Energy denotes the energy required to break chemical bonds and yield neutral atoms.
Bond Length indicates the distance between two bonded atoms at minimum potential energy.
Covalent Bonds involve sharing an electron pair between two atoms; nonpolar and polar distinguish the equality of electron sharing.
Ionic Bonding results from electrostatic attraction between cations and anions.

Reaction Types

Combustion involves a substance reacting with oxygen, producing heat and light.
Decomposition reactions yield two or more simpler substances from a single compound.
Double Replacement reactions occur when ions in two compounds swap places.
Composition Stoichiometry focuses on mass relationships of elements in compounds and how to calculate them.

Formulas and Equations

Chemical Equations represent reactants and products in a reaction using formulas.
Chemical Formulas convey the relative number of different types of atoms in a compound using atomic symbols and subscripts.
Coefficients in chemical equations indicate the number of molecules or moles of a substance involved.

Isotopes and Mass

Isotopes are variations of the same element that differ in mass due to differing numbers of neutrons.
Mass refers to the measure of matter in an object, while Mass Number is the total count of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

Energy and Stability

Lattice Energy is the energy released when forming one mole of ionic crystal from gaseous ions.
The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass is conserved in chemical and physical reactions.
The Law of Conservation of Energy dictates that energy cannot be created or destroyed in reactions.

Advanced Concepts

Lewis Structures represent atom nuclei, bonded electron pairs, and unshared electrons.
VSEPR Theory explains molecular geometry based on electron pair repulsion.
Resonance Structures depict bonding that cannot be fully represented by a single Lewis structure.

Additional Definitions

Density is the ratio of an object's mass to its volume.
Polyatomic Ions are charged groups of covalently bonded atoms.
Valence Electrons play a key role in chemical bonding, affecting how atoms can interact in forming compounds.
The Octet Rule suggests that atoms tend to seek a full outer shell of electrons for stability.

Periodicity

The Periodic Table organizes elements by increasing atomic number, showcasing periodic trends in element properties.

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Test your knowledge of essential physical science terms from L to J with these flashcards. Each term includes a clear definition to help you understand fundamental concepts in the subject. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their learning in physical science.