Physical Science Chapter 14 Study Guide

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Questions and Answers

What is the boiling point?

The temperature at which the pressure of the vapor equals the external pressure acting on the surface of the liquid.

What is heat of fusion?

The energy required to change a substance from solid to liquid at its melting point.

What is Pascal's Principle?

It works because pressure applied to an object is transferred to another object, used by hydraulic lifts.

What is Bernoulli's Principle?

It is demonstrated by examples such as a hose-end sprayer. Signup and view all the answers

What is plasma?

Matter that has enough energy to overcome the attractive forces between its particles and within its atoms. Signup and view all the answers

What are kilopascals?

A unit of pressure. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are different states of matter?

Liquid Signup and view all the answers

What is heat of vaporization?

The amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas. Signup and view all the answers

What are some things likely to contain plasma?

The sky, the sun, matter in the universe, stars. Signup and view all the answers

If one wood block sinks and another floats in water, what can you infer about their densities?

The one that sinks has a greater density than the one that floats. Signup and view all the answers

Why does a weather balloon rise when released?

Because its overall density is less than the atmospheric air, resulting in buoyant force. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the pressure of a gas if volume is held constant and temperature is decreased?

The pressure decreases. Signup and view all the answers

How can a hot-air balloon float in the air when carrying people?

As stated in Charles' Law, volume will decrease with a decreasing temperature. Signup and view all the answers

Why does a hot-air balloon descend when the burner is turned off?

The overall density of the balloon increases as the gases inside cool and condense. Signup and view all the answers

Why does a diver sink slightly after exhaling?

Because the overall density of the diver decreases, causing him to sink. Signup and view all the answers

Why does a penny sink in water but float in mercury?

A penny's density is greater than water's but less than mercury's. Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast evaporation and boiling.

Boiling occurs throughout a liquid at a specific temperature, while evaporation happens on the surface at nearly any temperature. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Definitions of Key Terms

Boiling Point: Temperature where vapor pressure equals the external pressure on a liquid's surface.
Heat of Fusion: Energy required for a solid to change into a liquid at its melting point.
Heat of Vaporization: Energy needed for a liquid at its boiling point to transform into a gas.
Pascal's Principle: States that pressure applied to an incompressible fluid is transmitted undiminished in all directions, utilized in hydraulic lifts.
Bernoulli's Principle: Demonstrates that as the speed of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases, exemplified by a hose-end sprayer.
Plasma: A state of matter with enough energy to overcome attractive forces between particles and atoms, commonly found in stars and the universe.

Units and States of Matter

Kilopascals: A unit of measurement for pressure.
Different States of Matter: Solid, liquid, and gas are the three primary states, each defined by particle arrangement and energy levels.

Principles of Density and Buoyancy

Objects that sink in water have greater density compared to those that float.
Weather balloons rise due to being filled with low-density gas, resulting in an overall density less than that of the surrounding air.
The pressure of a gas decreases with a decrease in temperature when volume is held constant, illustrating the direct proportionality between pressure and temperature.
Hot-air balloons float due to low-density gases; once the burner is turned off, the gas density increases, causing the balloon to descend.
Scuba divers must manage overall density to control buoyancy; exhaling decreases density, leading to a slight sinking.
A penny sinks in water due to its greater density but floats in mercury, which has a higher density than the penny.

Evaporation vs. Boiling

Boiling: Occurs throughout a liquid at a specific temperature based on surface pressure.
Evaporation: Takes place only at the surface of a liquid and can occur at various temperatures, demonstrating both processes as means of liquid transitioning to gas.

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Description

Test your knowledge with flashcards from Physical Science Chapter 14. This study guide covers key concepts such as boiling point, heat of fusion, and Pascal's Principle. Perfect for quick revision before exams!