Physical Science Chapter 1: Motion

Study Notes

Motion Concepts

Natural Motion: Objects move in a predictable manner based on how they are manipulated.
Violent Motion: Results from external forces being applied to an object.

International System of Units (SI)

Distance: Measured in meters (m), approximately 39 inches.
Mass: Measured in grams (g); a nickel weighs about 3 grams.
Volume:
- Liquid volume: Measured in liters; slightly more than a quart.
- Solid volume: Measured in cubic centimeters (cm³); about the size of a sugar cube.
Metric Prefixes: Based on powers of 10; 1000 meters equals 1 kilometer (km).
Conversion: Metric units can convert between centimeters [cm] to meters [m], millimeters [mm] to kilometers [km].

Speed and Acceleration

Speed Formula: Speed equals distance divided by time (Speed = Distance/Time).
Units of Distance: Includes inches, feet (ft), miles, meters (m), kilometers (km), centimeters (cm), light-years.
Units of Time: Includes minutes (min), seconds (sec), hours (hr), years (yr).
Average Speed: Total distance travelled divided by total time taken.
Acceleration: The rate of change of speed or velocity over time.
- Positive acceleration indicates an increase in speed.
- Negative acceleration, or deceleration, indicates a decrease in speed.

Forces

Force: Defined as a push or pull acting on an object.
Balanced Forces: Forces that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, resulting in no motion.
Unbalanced Forces: Forces that cause an object to move.
Vector Representation: Visual arrows represent forces with both magnitude and direction; length indicates size and angle indicates direction.
Net Force: The sum of all forces acting on an object.

Types of Friction

Frictional Force: Opposes relative motion between surfaces.
Static Friction: Present when a stationary object experiences an applied force; no movement occurs.
Kinetic Friction: Acts when an object is sliding or moving against another.
Normal Force: The support force exerted by a surface against the weight of an object resting on it.

Motion Types

Uniform Circular Motion: Consistent speed while changing direction as the object moves around a circle; acceleration points towards the circle’s center.
Linear Motion: Motion along a straight path.
Tangential Speed: The distance traveled by an object per unit time along a circular path.
Rotational Speed (Angular Speed): Number of rotations or revolutions per unit of time, measured in radians per second (rad/s).
Frequency: The number of complete rotations per unit time; measured in hertz (Hz), calculated with f = 1/T, where T is time period.

Energy

Energy: The capacity to perform work.
Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy possessed by an object in motion; calculated as KE = 1/2 mv² (mass times the square of velocity).
Potential Energy (PE): Energy stored due to an object's position; calculated as PE = mgh (mass times gravitational acceleration times height).
Work-Energy Theorem: The net work done by external forces equals the change in kinetic energy.
Total Mechanical Energy: The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of an object.
Law of Conservation of Energy: Total energy in an isolated system remains constant; energy can change forms but is not destroyed.

Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of motion in this quiz based on Chapter 1 of Physical Science. Understand the differences between natural and violent motion, and learn about the International System of Units used to measure distance, mass, and volume. Test your knowledge of how these principles govern the movement of objects around us.