Physical Education vs Sports Science

Differences and Similarities of Physical Education and Sports Science

• Physical health, fitness, and improving athletic performance are the focuses of both areas.
• Both areas involve the study and application of movement, exercise, and sport.
• Physical Education (PE) focuses on teaching and educating students about physical activity and motor skills. It promotes lifelong fitness through structured lessons.
• Sports Science is focused on the scientific study of the human body's response to exercise and sport, often at a professional or research level. Its study includes areas like physiology, biomechanics, and psychology.

Differences and Similarities of Physical Activity and Exercise

• Both involve bodily movement and contribute to physical health and fitness.
• Physical Activity is any movement that requires energy expenditure (e.g., walking, cleaning).
• Exercise is a structured, planned form of physical activity aimed at improving fitness (e.g., running, weightlifting).

Physical-Related Fitness Components

• These are key factors determine one's ability to perform daily activities efficiently and improve overall health.
• Cardiorespiratory Endurance is the ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to supply oxygen to the muscles during prolonged physical activity, for example, running, swimming, cycling.
• Muscular Strength is the maximum force a muscle or group of muscles can exert in a single effort, for example, lifting weights, or push-ups.
• Muscular Endurance is the ability of muscles to perform repeated contractions over time without fatigue, for example, planking, or bodyweight exercises.
• Flexibility is the ability of a joint to move through its full range of motion, for example, stretching, or yoga.
• Body Composition is the proportion of fat, muscle, bone, and water in the body. Maintaining a healthy body composition requires a balanced diet and exercise.

Skill-Related Fitness Components

• These components focus on improving performance in sports and physical activities.
• Agility is the ability to change direction quickly and efficiently, for example, dodging in basketball, or cutting movements in football.
• Balance is the ability to maintain body stability while stationary or moving, for example, standing on one foot, gymnastics, or yoga.
• Coordination is the ability to use different body parts smoothly and efficiently, for example, dribbling a basketball, or hitting a baseball.
• Power is the ability to exert maximum force quickly (strength + speed), for example, sprinting, jumping, or shot put.
• Reaction Time is the time it takes to respond to a stimulus, for example, catching a ball, or starting a race after the gunshot.
• Speed is the ability to move quickly from one point to another, for example, sprinting, or fast break in basketball.

PHYSICAL LITERACY REVIEWER

• Physical literacy refers to competence and confidence in various physical activities.
• Essential for lifelong participation in physical activities.
• Promotes overall well-being (physical, mental, and social health).
• DepEd Physical Education Frameworks (2016, 2023) emphasize physical literacy in education.
• Curriculum Guides are integrated into the K to 12 Curriculum Guide and Matatag Curriculum (Grades 4-7).
• Australian Sports Commission provides resources on physical literacy.
• Sport for Life guides the development of lifelong physical activity habits.
• Promotes active lifestyles for long-term health.
• Enhances motor skills through structured activities.
• Fosters social skills via teamwork and group exercises.
• Skill Development refers to the progress in movement and coordination.
• Participation refers to engagement in physical activities.
• Personal Growth involves confidence, motivation, and social interaction.
• Use diverse activities for different skill levels.
• Focus on inclusivity so all students can participate.
• Encourages self-directed learning to build confidence and independence.
• Supports health, fitness, and social well-being throughout life.
• Encourage family and community participation in physical activities.
• Supports students' development through active engagement.

MOTOR BEHAVIOR REVIEWER

• Motor behavior is the study of how motor skills are learned, controlled, and developed through practice and experience.
• Skill Acquisition improves teaching and learning of motor skills.
• Rehabilitation helps individuals regain skills after injury or disability.
• Physical Education shapes programs for lifelong physical activity.
• Performance Improvement enhances practice techniques and feedback for better results.
• Motor Learning involves acquiring skills through practice and feedback.
• Motor Control describes how the brain and nervous system coordinate movement.
• Motor Development describes how skills change over time due to growth and experience.
• Feedback – Intrinsic (self-assessed) and extrinsic (coach/instructor feedback) improve performance.
• Closed Loop Theory – Movement adjustments are based on continuous feedback.
• Schema Theory – Skills are generalized and adapted to different situations.
• Drills are repetitive practice to refine movements.
• Varied Practice is training in different conditions for adaptability.
• Goal Setting involves setting specific targets to improve focus.
• Feedback Utilization involves using feedback to refine techniques.
• Environment Simulation involves practising in real-life conditions for better transfer of skills.

EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY REVIEWER

• Exercise Physiology studies how the body responds to physical activity.
• Focuses on performance, fatigue, training, energy use, and recovery to optimize function.
• Enhances Performance by designing training programs to improve strength, endurance, and overall fitness.
• Reduces Fatigue by identifying causes of fatigue and develops strategies for better recovery.
• Prevents & Rehabilitates Injuries – Helps in risk assessment, muscle function analysis, and safe return to activity.
• Promotes Health by supporting heart health, regulates blood sugar, boosts mental health, and prevents chronic diseases.
• 1800s - Early studies on exercise and health (Edward Smith, Edward Hitchcock).
• 1900s – Research on muscle function, lactic acid, VO2 max, and exercise testing.
• 1980s-1990s – Practical applications in training and disease prevention.
• Present - Focus on molecular and cellular responses to exercise.
• Specificity – Training should match the sport/activity (e.g., marathon runners focus on endurance, and sprinters on speed).
• Progressive Overload involves gradually increasing exercise intensity for muscle and cardiovascular development.
• Reversibility – Stopping exercise leads to loss of progress.
• Adaptability – The body adjusts to new conditions, such as increasing red blood cells for endurance.
• Individuality is that each person responds differently to training.
• Recovery Time is essential for muscle repair, energy replenishment, and injury prevention.
• Training Programs are personalized plans for athletes and general fitness.
• Injury Prevention involves proper biomechanics and conditioning to reduce risks.
• Rehabilitation allows for a safe return to activity after injury.
• Health Interventions uses exercise strategies to manage chronic diseases and improve overall well-being.
• Recovery Techniques include Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT) for muscle recovery and energy balance.

BIOMECHANICS: DEFINITION, IMPORTANCE, CONCEPTS & PRACTICE

• Biomechanics applies Newtonian mechanics to study how forces affect living organisms, particularly human movement.
• Combines biology (structure/function of organisms) and mechanics (physics of motion/forces).
• Coined by Nikolai Bernstein (1899), it optimizes efficiency, effectiveness, and safety in movement.
• Enhance Performance by improving athletic techniques (e.g., sprinting form).
• Prevent Injuries by analyzing risky movements (e.g., improper lifting).
• Optimize Equipment when designing sports gear (e.g., running shoes) and prosthetics.
• Rehabilitation by developing recovery exercises post-injury/surgery.
• Understand Movement by studying how muscles, bones, and joints interact.
• Stability/Balance: Lower center of gravity = greater stability.
• Center of gravity near base of support = more balanced.
• Wider base of support = increased stability.
• Linear motion is movement in a straight line (e.g., sprinting).
• Rotary motion is rotation around an axis (e.g., throwing).
• 1st Law (Inertia): Objects resist changes in motion.
• 2nd Law (Acceleration): Force = mass × acceleration.
• 3rd Law (Action-Reaction): Every force has an equal/opposite reaction.
• Force arm is the distance from pivot to applied force.
• Resistance arm is the distance from pivot to resistance.
• Longer force arm = more power.
• Longer resistance arm = greater speed.
• Production: Muscle contractions generate movement.
• Application: Force direction impacts efficiency (e.g., pushing straight in a sprint).
• Absorption: Techniques to reduce impact (e.g., rolling in a fall).
• Sports Science analyzes techniques (e.g., golf swing) using 3D motion capture.
• Rehabilitation uses force platforms to assess gait/posture recovery.
• Prosthetics designs artificial limbs with natural movement patterns.
• Ergonomics improves workplace safety (e.g., lifting mechanics).
• Equipment Design tests materials for helmets, shoes, etc., using EMG (muscle activity tracking).

SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY

• Sports psychology is the study of behavior, feelings, and thoughts of individuals engaged in sports, exercise, and physical activity.
• Improves mood, reduces stress, and boosts self-esteem.
• Helps manage anxiety and depression through exercise.
• Enhances mental well-being, performance, and coping skills.
• Intrinsic motivation is driven by personal passion and enjoyment.
• Extrinsic Motivation is driven by external rewards or recognition.
• Importance: Both types impact participation and long-term engagement.
• Confidence improves performance.
• High self-efficacy (belief in ability) helps athletes perform under pressure.
• Strategies: Positive reinforcement, reflecting on past success.
• Optimal Arousal Theory: Balance is key; high anxiety leads to poor performance.
• Techniques: Deep breathing, relaxation, or pre-competition routines.
• Imagery: Mental rehearsal of skill execution.
• Self-Talk: Positive internal dialogue to enhance performance.
• Goal Setting: Clear and achievable goals to improve focus and performance.
• Strong team cohesion enhances performance and well-being.
• Mentally rehearse and use imagery to prepare for competition.
• Apply goal setting to maintain focus.
• Manage anxiety with relaxation techniques.
• Build self-confidence through positive reinforcement and past successes.
• Foster team dynamics through group support and cohesion.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION PEDAGOGY

• Physical education pedagogy is the study and practice of teaching physical education effectively.
• Focuses on teaching methods, instructional models, and assessment strategies to help students develop motor skills, knowledge, and positive attitudes toward physical activity.
• Aims to make physical education inclusive, engaging, and promotes lifelong fitness.
• Ensures students understand the benefits of physical activity, leading to healthier lifestyles.
• Enhances motor skills, teamwork, and cognitive and social growth.
• It's beneficial not only for students but also for educators, coaches, and gym instructors.
• Sparta (Greece) focused on strength, endurance, and discipline.
• Athens (Greece) focused on holistic education, including gymnastics and sports.
• Rome emphasized military training and gladiatorial games.
• European gymnastics systems like the German System (focused on discipline) and Swedish System (focused on movement science and therapy).
• A Scientific Approach in Early 20th Century included a standardized curriculum focusing on motor skills, physical fitness, and health promotion.
• A Mid to Late 20th Century involved a shift to student-centered learning, focusing on motor learning and movement education.
• The 21st Century includes the integration of technology (fitness apps, virtual coaching).
• Focus on inclusivity, holistic wellness, and mental health.
• Educational goals define what students should know and be able to do.
• Standards-Based Education is focused on closing achievement gaps between different socioeconomic groups.
• Curriculum Development includes the knowledge, skills, and learning experiences provided to students.
• Activity is the medium to help students achieve performance outcomes.
• Curriculum Models are frameworks for teaching physical education based on standards and goals.
• Assessment & Accountability is the measurement of student learning and achievement of national standards.
• Provides programs and teachers accountable for student outcomes.
• The use of technology to enhance learning (apps, wearables).
• Challenges: Proper teacher training, balancing traditional activities with new methods, and ensuring inclusivity.