Physical Education: Energy Systems in Exercise

The process of generating energy without oxygen.

The system responsible for providing initial energy for exercise lasting up to 10 seconds. It involves the breakdown of phosphocreatine (PC) to provide energy for ATP resynthesis.

The anaerobic system that utilizes glucose to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen. It is active during exercise lasting between 10 seconds and 2 minutes, leading to the buildup of lactic acid.

The aerobic energy system that utilizes oxygen to produce ATP. It sustains energy production for longer durations of exercise.

Depletion of phosphocreatine (PC) during high-intensity, short-duration exercise while ATP levels remain relatively constant.

The accumulation of lactic acid in muscles and veins during intense exercise. This is primarily due to the activity of the LA system.

The interaction between the three energy systems (ATP-PC, LA, and O2) during exercise. Each system contributes to ATP production based on the duration and intensity of exercise.

The relative contribution of each energy system changes with exercise duration. The ATP-PC system is dominant for short bursts, then LA takes over, and finally O2 dominates for longer durations.

The total amount of energy that can be produced by an energy system.

The maximal amount of energy that can be produced per unit of time by an energy system.

A laboratory test assessing anaerobic power by measuring the total mechanical power generated during high-intensity, short-duration work.

A laboratory test assessing anaerobic power by measuring the time taken to climb a set of stairs.

The concentration of lactate in the blood; a common measure of anaerobic metabolism.

A decline in PC and ATP during high-intensity exercise. It occurs gradually and in parallel for up to 180 seconds.

The time lag and dilution between muscle and venous lactate levels during exercise.

A laboratory tool used to measure blood lactate levels.

Power output is calculated by multiplying the force generated by the distance moved and dividing by the duration of the exercise. It is commonly expressed in watts.

The Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) measures anaerobic power by assessing an athlete's ability to produce maximum power output in a short duration (typically 30 seconds) on a cycle ergometer.

The peak power during the Wingate Anaerobic Test represents the highest power output achieved during the test, typically occurring within the first few seconds.

The average power output sustained throughout the Wingate Anaerobic Test, reflecting the overall effort.

The fatigue index in the Wingate Anaerobic Test represents the percentage drop-off in power output from the highest to the lowest 5-second intervals, indicating how quickly the athlete fatigues during high-intensity exercise.

The Margaria-Kalamen Stair Climb is another test for anaerobic power, measuring an athlete's ability to climb a set of stairs in a predetermined time, reflecting their explosiveness and strength.

A vertical jump test, using a force platform, measures an athlete's power output during a jump, providing a direct assessment of their explosiveness and ability to transfer force into movement.

Run tests, such as sprint tests over short or longer distances, assess anaerobic capacity by measuring the athlete's speed and power output over a given distance. They assess their ability to generate force and sustain high-intensity exercise.

The difference between the oxygen required during exercise and the oxygen supplied and utilized by the body.

Elevated oxygen consumption above resting levels that occurs during recovery from exercise.

The process of restoring ATP-PC stores to their pre-exercise levels.

The replenishment of oxygen stores in the muscles and blood. This happens quickly.

Increased heart rate and breathing during recovery from exercise.

The removal of lactate from the muscles and blood via various metabolic pathways.

The body's shift from primarily using carbohydrates for energy to using fats as the main fuel source.

The use of anaerobic glycolysis for energy production during heavy or supramaximal exercise.

A field test used to estimate anaerobic power and/or capacity by measuring the time taken to cover a specific distance, typically between 200 and 800 meters, lasting 30 to 120 seconds.

The buffering capacity of the body to neutralize lactic acid buildup during anaerobic exercise. A higher buffering capacity allows for more intense and longer anaerobic activity.

A field test used to estimate anaerobic power and/or capacity by measuring the time taken to cover a specific distance.