Chapter7Toddlers
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of their adult height do boys and girls reach by age two?

  • 40% for boys and 60% for girls
  • 60% for boys and 50% for girls
  • 50% for boys and 53% for girls (correct)
  • 50% for girls and 53% for boys

    • Which factor plays a major role in determining a child's growth pattern?

  • Genetic factors (correct)
  • Peer influences
  • Environmental conditions
  • Socioeconomic status

    • At what age do children typically begin to show signs of toilet training readiness?

  • End of the first year
  • Middle of the second year (correct)
  • End of the second year (correct)
  • Beginning of the fourth year

    • How can poor nutrition in early years affect a child's development?

    <p>Can cause developmental delays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common milestone for toddlers around 18 months of age?

    <p>Walking and pulling toys while walking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about bowel and bladder control in toddlers?

    <p>Control over bowel movements is usually achieved earlier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age range is typically associated with the emergence of autism symptoms?

    <p>12 to 15 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key cognitive ability that develops in toddlers by the age of three?

    <p>Pretend play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage in Erikson's psychosocial theory do toddlers desire independence?

    <p>Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget, which stage of development do toddlers remain in until approximately 24 months?

    <p>Sensorimotor Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a suggestion for fostering independence in toddlers as they develop autonomy?

    <p>Offer small pitchers for pouring their own milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of a child's brain develops by the age of three?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of children riding with unbelted drivers were themselves unrestrained?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended age for children to remain in rear-facing car seats?

    <p>Age 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of car and booster seats are estimated to be misused in a way that could reduce their effectiveness?

    <p>46%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For how long should children use a forward-facing car seat with a harness?

    <p>As long as possible up to the highest weight or height allowed by the manufacturer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many diseases do health experts recommend children get vaccinated against by age 2?

    <p>14 diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the national immunization rate for children ages 19 to 35 months in 2008?

    <p>76%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization supports free vaccinations for uninsured children?

    <p>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common concern do parents have regarding vaccinations for their children?

    <p>Potential side effects and distress during vaccinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the rising number of parents delaying vaccinations for their children mostly stem from?

    <p>Religious or philosophical exemptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diseases have recently seen outbreaks due to decreased vaccination rates?

    <p>Measles and mumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific concern do some parents have regarding vaccinations and autism?

    <p>Vaccines have been linked to increased autism rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main claim of Andrew Wakefield's 1998 study?

    <p>MMR vaccine is linked to autism via intestinal problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action did the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend regarding thimerosal in vaccines?

    <p>Remove it from all vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of Jenny McCarthy's statements about vaccines on public perception?

    <p>Led to a decline in vaccine rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What have large studies in major medical journals concluded regarding the MMR vaccine and autism?

    <p>No association between MMR and autism exists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To which claim did the U.S. Court of Federal Claims rule regarding thimerosal?

    <p>It does not increase autism risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic trend was observed after the removal of thimerosal from vaccines?

    <p>Increase in autism rates continued</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of concern regarding the total exposure of mercury in infants?

    <p>Vaccines containing thimerosal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By age two, the weight of a child has quadrupled.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Girls reach about 60 percent of their adult height by age two.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infants have control over their muscles involved in elimination during their first year of life.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most children are able to control their bladders and bowels when they are ready.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetic factors play only a minor role in determining a child's growth pattern.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Poor nutrition during early years can lead to optimal height and developmental delays.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Between 12 and 18 months, toddlers typically add about six words per month to their vocabularies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The emergence of symbolic representation occurs during the final stage of the sensorimotor period.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Joint attention between caregiver and child is not particularly important for cognitive development during toddlerhood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At about 18 months, many children start producing sequences of words with short pauses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Temper tantrums are considered abnormal behavior for toddlers around 18 months.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By the end of the second year, toddlers shift from using holophrases to making true sentences.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Only 4 percent of children are potty trained by age four.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Supervision of toddlers is critical because they are at risk for many types of accidents.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Around 60 percent of children are potty trained by age two.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Girls typically meet the milestone of potty training earlier than boys.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Car seat safety is less important than general child supervision.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Toddlers can drown in as little as one inch of water.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drunk driving does not significantly affect child passenger deaths in the United States.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Climbing out of cribs poses a risk to toddlers learning to walk.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Any association of ASD characteristics emergence with the timing of vaccines is often coincidental.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    About 60% of a child's brain develops by the age of three years old.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erikson's psychosocial theory proposes a total of ten stages of development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children typically begin to exhibit sophisticated pretend play by the age of three.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the ages of 1 to 3, toddlers may often express the desire for autonomy by saying, 'Me do it.'

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Piaget states that toddlers remain in the preoperational stage until they reach two years of age.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ability to solve problems creatively is developed during the toddler years.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vaccination studies should continue to explore the potential connection between vaccines and autism, as per autism activists.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At 18 months, children's pretend play typically involves complex scenarios.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shame and doubt can arise in toddlers when they encounter failure during independent tasks.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following developmental milestones with the appropriate age in toddlerhood:

    <p>Toddler typically quadrupling their birth weight = By age 2 Toddler adding about six words per month to their vocabulary = Between 12 and 18 months Emergence of symbolic representation = Final stage of the sensorimotor period First birthday celebration indicating the start of walking = Around age 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following developmental theories or concepts with the associated descriptions:

    <p>Piaget's theory = Cognitive development through stages Autonomy in early childhood = Developing a sense of self-control and choices Temper tantrums = Behavioral response to ambivalence and independence Joint attention = Critical for cognitive development in toddlerhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following safety concerns with their implications for toddlers:

    <p>Supervision of toddlers = Critical to prevent accidents Drowning risks = Can occur in as little as one inch of water Climbing out of cribs = Risk while learning to walk Car seat safety = Essential for passenger protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following aspects of language development with their characteristics:

    <p>Holophrases = Early speech consisting of single words True sentences = Shift observed by the end of the second year Short pauses in speech = Common in word sequences around 18 months Vocabulary expansion = Typically accelerates after the first year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements about physical growth with the corresponding details:

    <p>Triple birth weight = Typically by age 1 Height range for toddlers = 28 to 32 inches by age 1 Growth trends = Rapid changes observed in toddlerhood Independence through walking = A hallmark of toddler development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of car seat with its appropriate usage age:

    <p>Rear-facing car seat = Until age 2 or upper limit of the seat Forward-facing car seat = For children over 2 years old Booster seat = When outgrowing the forward-facing car seat Car seat installation = Should be done by a trained professional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the organization with its vaccination recommendation:

    <p>CDC = Recommends vaccination against 14 diseases by age 2 AAP = Supports immunizations for healthy children Government = Provides free vaccinations for uninsured children Medical experts = Advocate for the safety and value of vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the statistic with its corresponding detail:

    <p>40% = Children riding with unbelted drivers who are unrestrained 46% = Car and booster seats that are misused 76% = National immunization rate in 2008 for children ages 19 to 35 months 80% = Government’s immunization goal percentage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the concern with its description regarding vaccinations:

    <p>Side effects = Parents worry about the potential pain of vaccinations Safety = Expert reassurance regarding vaccinations Opposition = Some parents are wary or against vaccines Distress = Parents believe children might experience discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the percentage with the car seat context:

    <p>59% = Misuse rate of car seats 20% = Misuse rate of booster seats 40% = Children who are unrestrained with unbelted drivers 76% = Immunization rate for children aged 19 to 35 months in 2008</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following developmental milestones with their corresponding ages:

    <p>18 months = Simple pretend play, such as feeding a doll 3 years = Elaborate pretend play 24 months = End of sensorimotor stage 12 months = Trust vs. mistrust stage in Erikson's theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following theorists with their respective developmental theories:

    <p>Erikson = Psychosocial development stages Piaget = Cognitive development stages Vygotsky = Social development and learning Skinner = Behavioral development theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following behaviors with their appropriate descriptions:

    <p>Defiant behavior = A common challenge in toddlerhood Independence = Desire expressed by toddlers saying 'Me do it' Exploration = Active engagement with the environment Imitation = Learning by mirroring the behavior of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following key terms with their relevant descriptions:

    <p>Cognitive development = Development of memory, language, thinking, and reasoning skills Sensorimotor stage = Stage of development involving interaction with the environment through senses Pretend play = Creating scenarios using imagination Autonomy vs. shame and doubt = Stage where toddlers seek independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following age-related brain development facts:

    <p>By age 3 = 80% of a child's brain has developed By age 2 = Weight of a child has quadrupled 12 months = First dose of MMR vaccine typically administered 1-3 years = Ages associated with autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Physical Development

    • By age two, the average toddler weighs between 20 and 40 pounds, quadrupling their birth weight.
    • Toddlers reach about 50% (boys) and 53% (girls) of their adult height by age two.
    • Genetics play a major role in determining a child's growth patterns, particularly for height, and to a lesser extent, weight.
    • Nutritional deficiencies during early years can impact a child's height, leading to developmental delays and health concerns.
    • Toddlers at 18 months are typically walking and running, displaying increased motor skills like pulling toys while walking, undressing, drinking from cups, using spoons, and climbing stairs with assistance.
    • Toilet training potential emerges between two and three years old, with bowel control typically developing before bladder control.
    • Car restraint systems are often misused, potentially reducing their effectiveness.
    • Children should remain in rear-facing car seats until age two or when they reach that seat's weight and height limit.
    • Children over two years old (or under two who have outgrown rear-facing seats) should use forward-facing car seats with harnesses.
    • Professional car seat installation is essential for proper protection in accidents.

    Immunizations

    • Most children in the United States are healthier now due to advancements in medicine, especially immunizations.
    • The CDC and AAP recommend healthy children receive vaccinations against 14 diseases by age two, with boosters later.
    • The government supports vaccinations with free access for uninsured children.
    • Despite evidence supporting vaccination safety, some parents remain hesitant or opposed.
    • Vaccine hesitancy has led to outbreaks of diseases previously eradicated in the U.S., including measles, mumps, pertussis, and Hib.
    • Concerns about vaccines causing autism are unfounded, with multiple studies finding no link between the MMR vaccine and ASD.
    • The Lancet retracted a study linking the MMR vaccine to autism, and thimerosal, a mercury-containing preservative, has been removed from all vaccines except for some flu shots.
    • Autism rates continued to rise even after thimerosal removal, suggesting a lack of correlation between vaccines and ASD.

    Cognitive Development

    • 80% of a child's brain development occurs by age three.
    • Early childhood is crucial for developing memory, language, thinking, and reasoning skills.
    • Toddlers learn through imitation, especially from adults and older children.
    • Toddlers engage in pretend play, developing increasingly complex scenarios between 18 months and three years.
    • Erikson's psychosocial theory highlights the importance of trust (first year) and autonomy (1-3 years) for healthy development.
    • Toddlers remain in Piaget's sensorimotor stage until two years old, becoming creative problem solvers by 18 months.
    • Toddlers' vocabulary expands rapidly after 18 months.

    Social and Emotional Development

    • Biting is a common behavior among toddlers, often serving as a means of expressing strong emotions, communicating needs, or seeking oral stimulation.
    • Understanding the underlying causes of biting helps caregivers effectively address the behavior.
    • Other reasons for biting in toddlers include being overwhelmed, experimentation, needing active playtime, being overtired, teething, and seeking oral stimulation.
    • Aggressive behaviors like hitting, kicking, scratching, and biting are common in toddlers, representing their attempts to communicate and express needs.
    • Toddlers who exhibit aggression often lack the language skills and emotional regulation abilities to express themselves otherwise.
    • Addressing a child's unmet needs and providing opportunities for effective communication are crucial in managing aggressive behaviors.

    Physical Development

    • By age two, toddlers' weight has quadrupled, and the average weight for a two-year-old is between 20 and 40 pounds.
    • By age two, boys reach about 50% and girls 53% of their adult height.
    • Genetics plays a major role in determining a child's growth pattern, especially for height and to a lesser extent for weight.
    • Nutrition is crucial for growth and development, and a lack of it can lead to stunted growth, developmental delays, and health problems.
    • At 18 months, toddlers can walk and even run, pull toys while walking, undress themselves, drink from a cup, eat with a spoon, and climb stairs with assistance.
    • Bowel control is usually achieved earlier than bladder control.
    • Toilet training readiness varies greatly among children and should be started when they are physically and emotionally ready.
    • Only 4% of children are potty trained by age two, while approximately 60% are trained by age three, and only 2% are not trained by age four.
    • Girls typically achieve toilet training milestones earlier than boys.

    Safety Concerns

    • Toddlers require constant supervision due to their high risk of accidents, including falls, drowning, and being hit by cars.
    • Home safety is critical, including covering electrical outlets, storing hazardous materials out of reach, securing medications, and making firearms inaccessible.
    • Toddlers are skilled at escaping and getting into unsafe situations.
    • Close monitoring is necessary, especially near water and when toddlers learn to climb out of cribs and playpens.
    • According to the CDC, drowning is a leading cause of death in children under five, with swimming pools being the most common location.
    • Car seat safety is crucial, as toddlers often spend significant time in vehicles.
    • According to the CDC, white children are more likely to be buckled up than black or Hispanic children.

    Cognitive Development

    • 80% of a child's brain develops by the age of three.
    • This is the time when memory, language, thinking, and reasoning skills develop.
    • Children learn through imitation, particularly of adults and older children.
    • Pretend play emerges during the toddler years, starting as simple actions (e.g., feeding a doll) at 18 months and becoming more elaborate by age three.
    • According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, toddlers (ages 1 to 3) are in the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage, where they strive for independence and may become frustrated when unsuccessful.
    • Piaget suggests that toddlers remain in the sensorimotor stage of development until about 24 months.
    • Tertiary circular reactions emerge between 12 and 18 months, allowing toddlers to explore different strategies to solve problems.
    • By the end of the sensorimotor stage, toddlers develop symbolic representation and are able to imagine sequences of events, leading to improved problem-solving skills.
    • Joint attention between a caregiver and child is crucial for cognitive development, as it facilitates shared focus and understanding.

    Language Development

    • Between 12 and 18 months, toddlers add about three words per month to their vocabulary.
    • A vocabulary explosion often occurs between 18 to 24 months, with rapid word acquisition.
    • Many children begin producing sequences of words around 18 months, separated by pauses.
    • By the end of the second year, these sequences develop into true sentences.
    • Toddlers transition from single-word utterances (holophrases) to multi-word sentences.

    Social and Emotional Development

    • At 18 months, toddlers enjoy sharing objects and pointing to show others things of interest.
    • They may exhibit fear of strangers, affection for familiar people, and explore independently while still preferring a caregiver nearby.
    • Temper tantrums are common during this phase.
    • Saying "no" and shaking their head "no" are frequent behaviors.
    • Biting is a very common toddler behavior, often stemming from difficulties expressing feelings or needs.
    • Common causes of biting include: expressing strong emotions (frustration, anger), needing personal space, seeking oral stimulation, and being overwhelmed by sensory stimuli.
    • Aggressive behaviors like hitting, kicking, scratching, and biting are typical toddler behaviors, and the child is not intentionally being "bad."
    • Aggressive behaviors can be a way of communicating when a child lacks language skills or feels unheard.

    Physical Development for Toddlers

    • By one year old, toddlers typically triple their birth weight and grow to be between 28-32 inches tall.
    • Proper car seat installation is crucial for child protection in the event of an accident.
    • Local police and fire stations often offer free car seat installation services.
    • Immunizations are a crucial part of child health and help prevent serious illnesses.
    • The CDC and AAP recommend that healthy children receive vaccinations against 14 diseases by age 2.
    • Vaccinations are available for free to uninsured children.
    • While there is no link between vaccines and autism, some parents remain wary or opposed to vaccinations.

    Cognitive Development for Toddlers

    • Around 80% of a child’s brain development occurs by the age of three.
    • Toddler’s brains develop memory, language, thinking, and reasoning skills during this period.
    • Toddlers learn through imitating the behavior of others, especially adults and older children.
    • Pretend play emerges and becomes more elaborate between 18 months and 3 years of age.
    • According to Erikson, the second stage of psychosocial development is autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
    • Toddlers crave independence and can become frustrated when they fail to achieve tasks independently.
    • Parents can encourage autonomy by providing opportunities for toddlers to accomplish tasks independently, such as pouring milk or dressing themselves.
    • Piaget’s theory says toddlers remain in the sensorimotor stage of development until about 24 months.
    • By 18 months toddlers have a small vocabulary and it expands quickly over the next several years.

    Social and Emotional Development for Toddlers

    • Biting is a common behavior among toddlers and often occurs as a way to express strong feelings, communicate needs, or satisfy oral stimulation.
    • Common reasons for biting include lack of language skills, overwhelming sensory experiences, experimentation, need for active play, being overtired, teething, or oral stimulation needs.
    • Understanding the underlying cause of biting can help caregivers develop effective responses.
    • Hitting, scratching, and temper tantrums are common expressions of toddlers’ inability to communicate their needs effectively.
    • Toddler aggression often occurs when they don’t get what they want, especially when tired, worried, not feeling well, hungry, or stressed.
    • Caregivers can help with difficult situations by understanding the toddler’s perspective.
    • The “terrible twos” is not necessarily a universal experience and may even be absent in some cultures.

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    Explore the key milestones and growth patterns of toddlers in this quiz. Learn about their physical development, motor skills, and factors affecting growth by age two. Understand the importance of nutrition and safety in early childhood development.

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