Physical and Health Disabilities Under IDEA

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following defines orthopedic impairment under IDEA?

An impairment resulting from congenital anomalies or diseases affecting educational performance. (correct)

An injury sustained from a traumatic event that does not hinder learning.

A mild impairment that does not influence a child’s daily activities.

An impairment that is temporary and does not affect education.

What must occur for a student with orthopedic impairment to receive special education services?

The impairment must be recognized by a healthcare professional only.

The impairment must adversely affect educational performance. (correct)

The impairment must be temporary and manageable.

The impairment must not affect any aspect of life.

Which condition qualifies as an other health impairment (OHI) according to IDEA?

Amputation

Cerebral palsy

Leukemia (correct)

Traumatic brain injury

What is one example of a health problem that qualifies under other health impairment (OHI)?

Asthma Signup and view all the answers

What does traumatic brain injury (TBI) encompass?

Acquired injuries caused by external physical forces. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a cause of orthopedic impairment under IDEA?

Hemophilia Signup and view all the answers

How does traumatic brain injury affect a student's educational performance?

It may lead to psychosocial impairments. Signup and view all the answers

What is required for a diagnosis of other health impairment (OHI)?

A chronic condition that affects alertness in the educational environment. Signup and view all the answers

What does cerebral palsy primarily affect in individuals?

Ability to move and maintain posture Signup and view all the answers

Which type of spina bifida is characterized by the spinal cord itself protruding through the back?

Myelomeningocele Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes dyskinetic cerebral palsy?

Uncontrollable movements Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of muscular dystrophies?

Muscle weakness and decreased mobility Signup and view all the answers

Which condition could be diagnosed during pregnancy?

Spina bifida Signup and view all the answers

Duchenne muscular dystrophy primarily affects which parts of the body first?

Upper legs and upper arms Signup and view all the answers

For individuals with spina bifida occulta, what is typically the condition of the spinal cord?

Unharmed with no damage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of cerebral palsy?

Neurogenic Signup and view all the answers

What causes muscular dystrophy?

Genetic mutations Signup and view all the answers

What type of cerebral palsy is characterized by tight, stiff muscles?

Spastic cerebral palsy Signup and view all the answers

What kind of condition is cerebral palsy classified as?

Neurological disorder Signup and view all the answers

One possible effect of spina bifida is:

Physical disabilities Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark sign of muscular dystrophy?

Gradual muscle weakness Signup and view all the answers

The main type of genetic inheritance for Duchenne muscular dystrophy is:

X-linked inheritance Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes an orthopedic impairment according to the definitions provided?

Includes congenital anomalies and diseases affecting bones. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is included under Other Health Impairment?

Asthma Signup and view all the answers

Traumatic Brain Injury, as defined, does NOT include which of the following aspects?

Impairments from congenital brain conditions. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Education for All Handicapped Children Act impact children with disabilities?

It guaranteed access to free and appropriate public education. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the unique characteristics of physical and health disabilities mentioned in the history?

Understanding of these disabilities evolved significantly in the 19th century. Signup and view all the answers

Which significant event in 1975 impacted the education of students with disabilities?

Implementation of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act. Signup and view all the answers

What was one challenge faced by children with disabilities before the implementation of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act?

Segregation from their peers and lack of accessible education. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of disability categories continues to change over time?

Knowledge about new diseases and their effects on disability. Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the Disability Services program at the University of Illinois?

It enabled students with disabilities to pursue higher education successfully. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disabilities is associated with heightened sensitivity to environmental stimuli?

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Signup and view all the answers

What did Saul Morse experience regarding school limitations due to his disability?

He attended a school for students with disabilities only. Signup and view all the answers

What requirement was initially part of the University of Illinois program for students with disabilities?

Students had to demonstrate total independence. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT classified as Other Health Impairment?

Cerebral palsy Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act?

Guaranteeing free and appropriate public education for students with disabilities. Signup and view all the answers

What type of seizure involves a change or loss of consciousness?

Focal seizures with impaired awareness Signup and view all the answers

Which type of generalized seizure is characterized by stiff muscles?

Tonic seizure Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main risk factors associated with epilepsy?

Intellectual disabilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of absence seizures?

5 to 10 seconds Signup and view all the answers

Which type of asthma is triggered by physical activity?

Exercise-induced asthma Signup and view all the answers

Cystic fibrosis primarily affects which types of body secretions?

Mucus and sweat Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a chronic condition associated with excess blood sugar?

Diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of tonic-clonic seizures?

Abrupt loss of consciousness Signup and view all the answers

Which type of focal seizure involves no loss of consciousness?

Focal seizure without loss of consciousness Signup and view all the answers

What degree of asthma severity may lead to life-threatening asthma attacks?

Severe asthma Signup and view all the answers

What can occur as a complication of diabetes?

Nerve damage Signup and view all the answers

During an emergency involving a tonic-clonic seizure, what should be done?

Remove nearby furniture and objects Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes clonic seizures?

Rhythmic jerking movements Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a type of generalized seizure?

Focal seizure Signup and view all the answers

What are common symptoms associated with diabetes?

Increased hunger, thirst, and urination Signup and view all the answers

Which type of injury may not lead to immediate signs or symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)?

Mild TBI Signup and view all the answers

What long-term risks are associated with moderate to severe TBI?

Long-term physical damage or death Signup and view all the answers

What factor is identified as a common trigger for diabetes?

Diet and environmental risk factors Signup and view all the answers

Identifying TBI in infants and young children may often rely on observing which behavior?

Changes in eating or nursing habits Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of students receiving special education services are identified as having an Other Health Impairment (OHI)?

15% Signup and view all the answers

Which medical procedures can identify physical or health disabilities before birth?

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive symptom might be experienced by students with TBI?

Changes in memory and information processing Signup and view all the answers

What is one key symptom of a mild TBI?

Dizziness or loss of balance Signup and view all the answers

What might indicate a more severe case of TBI rather than a mild one?

Prolonged loss of consciousness Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the population with disabilities are reported as having a TBI?

Less than 1% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with mild TBI?

Persistent headaches Signup and view all the answers

What is a common environmental factor that may increase the risk of developing diabetes?

Unhealthy dietary habits Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior changes in students can be indicative of TBI complications?

Change in attention and mood swings Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Orthopedic Impairment

Defined as a severe orthopedic impairment that adversely affects a child's educational performance.
Requires a medical diagnosis and evidence of limitations in one or more educational areas.

Other Health Impairment (OHI)

A condition that affects a child’s educational performance but is not specifically listed in other disability categories.
Asthma, diabetes, epilepsy, and sickle cell anemia qualify as OHI.
Requires a medical diagnosis and evidence of educational limitations.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Includes an acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force.
Can affect cognitive, physical, emotional, social, and academic performance.
Does not include brain injury caused by congenital malformations, birth injuries, or degenerative diseases.

Cerebral Palsy

Primarily affects movement, posture, and coordination.
Caused by brain damage before, during, or shortly after birth.
Spina bifida occulta, where the spinal cord protrudes through the back, is a type of spina bifida.
Dyskinetic cerebral palsy is characterized by uncontrolled movements, tremors, and difficulty coordinating movement.

Muscular Dystrophies

Group of inherited genetic disorders that cause progressive weakness and degeneration of muscles.
Can be diagnosed during pregnancy.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy primarily affects the hips, legs, and shoulders first.

Spina Bifida

Often diagnosed before birth.
Individuals with spina bifida occulta typically have a normal spinal cord and no symptoms.
Cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder, not a type of spina bifida.

Muscular Dystrophy Causes

Caused by mutations in genes that produce proteins important for muscle function.

Cerebral Palsy Characteristics

Classified as a neurological disorder.
Spastic cerebral palsy is characterized by tight, stiff muscles.

Spina Bifida Effects

One possible effect of spina bifida is a need for assistive devices to walk, stand, or move.

Muscular Dystrophy:

A hallmark sign is progressive muscle weakness.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is typically inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) was renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1990.
EHA mandated that all children with disabilities receive a free and appropriate public education.
Children with disabilities were previously often excluded from mainstream education, facing limited opportunities.

Unique Aspects of Physical and Health Disabilities

Historically, physical and health disabilities were seen as differences that could be overcome or hidden. This limited opportunities for these students.
The University of Illinois Disability Services program was a pioneering effort to integrate students with disabilities into higher education.

Disability Categories Over Time

The disability categories used in special education have changed over time to reflect evolving understanding and needs.

Saul Morse

Saul Morse was a student with a disability who was initially denied admission to the University of Illinois but was eventually admitted as part of a student advocacy effort.

Other Health Impairment:

NOT included under OHI are conditions that are primarily psychological or emotional, unless they also affect a child’s educational performance.

Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that involves abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
Generalized Seizures are a type of seizure that affects the whole brain.
Tonic-clonic seizures are characterized by stiffening muscles and then rhythmic jerking.
Absence Seizures typically last for a few seconds and have no apparent symptoms.

Asthma

Asthma is a lung condition that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways.
Physical activity may trigger asthma episodes.

Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs, digestive system, and other organs.
Cystic Fibrosis mainly affects mucus secretions in the lungs and digestive tract.

Diabetes

Diabetes is a chronic health condition characterized by high blood sugar levels.
Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) can have adverse effects on the body.

Tonic-Clonic Seizures:

Commonly involve stiffening of muscles and rhythmic jerking movements.

Focal Seizures:

These seizures involves no loss of consciousness, and might include motor, sensory, or emotional symptoms.

Asthma Severity:

Severe asthma can lead to life-threatening asthma attacks.

Diabetes Complications:

Potential complications of living with diabetes can include cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and vision loss.

Epilepsy:

A major risk factor for epilepsy is genetics.

Emergency During Tonic-Clonic Seizure:

During a tonic-clonic seizure, ensure the person is safe from injury.

Clonic Seizures:

Clonic seizures are characterized by rhythmic jerking movements.

Types of Generalized Seizures:

Myoclonic seizures are brief, involuntary muscle jerks

Diabetes Symptoms:

Frequent urination, excessive thirst, and unexplained weight loss are symptoms of diabetes.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI):

A concussion is a type of TBI that does not always result in immediate signs or symptoms.
Long-term risks associated with moderate to severe TBI can include cognitive difficulties, behavioral issues, and physical limitations.
Diabetes may be triggered by a combination of genetics and lifestyle factors.
Infants and young children may exhibit behavioral changes like difficulty feeding, decreased alertness, and changes in sleep patterns, indicating potential TBI.