Podcast
Questions and Answers
How does the perception that MS has negative consequences affect physical wellbeing?
How does the perception that MS has negative consequences affect physical wellbeing?
- It has no significant impact on physical wellbeing.
- It enhances the perception of treatment effectiveness.
- It is associated with improved physical wellbeing.
- It is associated with lower perceived physical wellbeing. (correct)
Which coping style is most strongly related to greater psychological distress in chronic physical conditions?
Which coping style is most strongly related to greater psychological distress in chronic physical conditions?
- Positive reframing
- Behavioural disengagement (correct)
- Planning for the future
- Active problem-solving
What percentage of athletes experience at least one symptom of illness or stress?
What percentage of athletes experience at least one symptom of illness or stress?
- 46% (correct)
- 57%
- 27%
- 30%
What effect does physical activity have on the brain?
What effect does physical activity have on the brain?
Which of the following treatments works by blocking receptors on cardiovascular cells?
Which of the following treatments works by blocking receptors on cardiovascular cells?
Which mental health issue affects the highest percentage of athletes?
Which mental health issue affects the highest percentage of athletes?
What does the Wellbeing in Sport Action Plan aim to improve?
What does the Wellbeing in Sport Action Plan aim to improve?
Which statement about social support is true?
Which statement about social support is true?
What percentage of professional jockeys in Ireland have reported depression?
What percentage of professional jockeys in Ireland have reported depression?
Which psychological disorder has the highest percentage reported among athletes?
Which psychological disorder has the highest percentage reported among athletes?
What aspect does mental health awareness programs for athletes include?
What aspect does mental health awareness programs for athletes include?
How many percent of equestrian athletes were identified with clinically defined symptoms of depression?
How many percent of equestrian athletes were identified with clinically defined symptoms of depression?
Which of the following is NOT a focus of mental health awareness programs in sport?
Which of the following is NOT a focus of mental health awareness programs in sport?
What percentage of 8-9 year olds from social disadvantage met the physical activity recommendations according to recent data?
What percentage of 8-9 year olds from social disadvantage met the physical activity recommendations according to recent data?
Which factor is suggested to moderate the link between physical activity and well-being in children?
Which factor is suggested to moderate the link between physical activity and well-being in children?
What is one method employed to encourage physical activity during school hours?
What is one method employed to encourage physical activity during school hours?
What program was developed to improve children’s health through physical activity?
What program was developed to improve children’s health through physical activity?
According to research, what was the effect of five-minute physical activity breaks led by a teacher?
According to research, what was the effect of five-minute physical activity breaks led by a teacher?
What is a potential benefit of active transport, such as walking or cycling to school?
What is a potential benefit of active transport, such as walking or cycling to school?
What does the abbreviation S.U.C.H stand for in the context of children's health initiatives?
What does the abbreviation S.U.C.H stand for in the context of children's health initiatives?
Which of the following was specifically designed for children with intellectual disabilities?
Which of the following was specifically designed for children with intellectual disabilities?
What is the first phase of the general adaptation syndrome as described?
What is the first phase of the general adaptation syndrome as described?
What physiological changes occur during the alarm reaction phase?
What physiological changes occur during the alarm reaction phase?
What happens if a stressor continues beyond the alarm reaction phase?
What happens if a stressor continues beyond the alarm reaction phase?
What is primarily released during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome?
What is primarily released during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome?
How does the brain respond when a stressor is interpreted as continuing?
How does the brain respond when a stressor is interpreted as continuing?
What does prolonged stress primarily disrupt according to the discussed content?
What does prolonged stress primarily disrupt according to the discussed content?
What is the role of the adrenal cortex during stress response?
What is the role of the adrenal cortex during stress response?
Why is the alarm reaction considered a short phase in the stress response?
Why is the alarm reaction considered a short phase in the stress response?
Which part of the nervous system prepares the body for action?
Which part of the nervous system prepares the body for action?
What hormone is primarily involved in the stress response initiated by the hypothalamus?
What hormone is primarily involved in the stress response initiated by the hypothalamus?
Which system is activated during an acute stress response?
Which system is activated during an acute stress response?
What is a primary effect of chronic stress on the cardiovascular system?
What is a primary effect of chronic stress on the cardiovascular system?
Cushing Disease is primarily caused by which of the following?
Cushing Disease is primarily caused by which of the following?
What concept refers to the body's ability to adapt to stressors over time?
What concept refers to the body's ability to adapt to stressors over time?
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for returning the body to a resting state?
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for returning the body to a resting state?
Which brain structure is NOT directly involved in the stress response?
Which brain structure is NOT directly involved in the stress response?
What is the role of catecholamines during a stress response?
What is the role of catecholamines during a stress response?
What is a common psychological effect of chronic stress?
What is a common psychological effect of chronic stress?
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Study Notes
Physical Activity
- 6.8% of 8-9 year olds from social disadvantage met the physical activity recommendations
- Physical activity is linked to well-being which is moderated by parental relatedness and athletic competence
Benefits of Physical Activity
- Provision of equipment can encourage activity
- Active transport (walking and cycling) to and from school
- Break-, lunch- and recess-time physical activity
- Playground markings
- Curriculum physical education provision
- Classroom based physical activity breaks
Interventions
- Five minute PA breaks x 3 led by the teacher
- "Physical Activities To improve Children’s Health" (PATCH.)
- "Stand Up for Children’s Health" (SUCH)
- "Healthy Choices"
- "Physical Activity Programme for Children with Intellectual Disability"
- "Sport for LIFE", "Sport for LIFE Legacy", "Sport for LIFE: All Island"
- "Sport for LIFE Programme"
Sport and Mental Health
- 19-27% of athletes experience mental health issues
- 46% experience at least one symptom of illness/stress
- Common mental health issues include anxiety, depression, eating disorders, and psychological distress
- 57% of professional jockeys in Ireland are depressed
- 27% of equestrian sport athletes experience clinical defined symptoms of depression
Mental Health Awareness Programmes
- Mental health awareness programmes for athletes and coaches
- Mental health awareness programmes for the public delivered through sport
- Mental health awareness (Resilience, Stress, life challenges)
- Knowledge of Psychological Disorders
- Self-Management of mental health
- Willingness to support others
- Mindfulness exercises via mobile app
- Integrated behaviour change theories (TPB, SDT)
Wellbeing Action Plan 2019-2025
- Plan to improve mental health and well-being for people involved in sport in Northern Ireland
Why a Consensus Statement on Mental Health Awareness in Sport?
- Central Nervous System: spinal cord and brain
- Peripheral Nervous System: nerves and ganglia
- Autonomic Nervous System: regulated by the hypothalamus and two divisions
- Sympathetic Nervous System: prepare body for action
- Parasympathetic Nervous System: return body to resting state
Stress Response
- Sympathetic-Adrenal-Medullary (SAM) system: acute response to stress
- Adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines (adrenaline & noradrenaline)
- Heart rate, BP, & respiration increase, muscles tense, blood vessels constrict
- Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis: enduring stress response
- Hypothalamus releases CRH
- Pituitary gland releases ACTH
- Adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol)
- Blood glucose and metabolism increases
- Brain regions involved in the stress response:
- Amygdala: processes emotions
- Hippocampus: involved in memory and stress regulation
- Prefrontal cortex: responsible for higher-order cognitive functions
Functionality of Stress Response and Adaption
- Performance and learning increases glucose
- Adaption to change (internal and external)
- Initial physiological stress response (SAM) is similar when excited, angry, nervous, as well as afraid
- Regulation and interpretation of stress is key
- Allostasis: the process of achieving stability through change (e.g., adapting to a stressful event)
- Allostatic load: the cumulative wear and tear on the body from repeated or chronic stress
Chronic Stress and Health
- Body: Cardiovascular system, immune system
- Neural atrophy/change: Hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, amygdala
- Behaviour change: Performance and learning, memory, appetite, mood, sleep, restlessness, burnout
- Disorders and health issues:
- Cushing Disease (hypercortisolemia): excess cortisol due to pituitary tumor
- Addison's Disease (hypocortisolemia): deficiency in cortisol due to autoimmune condition or infection
Illness Perceptions, Coping, and Psychological Distress
- Perceptions of consequences strongly predict psychological distress.
- Behavioral disengagement, denial and venting were associated with greater distress.
Interventions to Reduce Stress
- Drug-therapy
- Beta-blockers reduce cardiovascular response by blocking adrenalin/noradrenalin receptors
- Anxiolytics increase GABA, reducing brain activity
- Anti-depressants increase serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels
- Physical Activity
- Increases neurogenesis in the hippocampus
- Improves memory and mood
- Social Support
- Reduces the physiological stress response and allostatic load scores
- Increases mood
The General Adaptation Syndrome
- Stage 1: Alarm Reaction
- The initial fight-or-flight response
- Short-term release of adrenaline and other stress hormones.
- Stage 2: Resistance
- The body adapts to the stressor and tries to regain homeostasis.
- Cortisol is released to provide sustained energy and support adaptation.
- Stage 3: Exhaustion
- The body's resources become depleted as the stressor continues.
- Increased risk of illness and psychological distress.
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