Phys 102: Photomultiplier Tubes
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the photocathode in a photomultiplier tube?

  • To focus the electrons
  • To produce photoelectrons (correct)
  • To amplify the electrons
  • To collect the electrons at the anode

What happens when the primary electrons collide with the first dynode surface?

  • The electrons are reflected back to the photocathode
  • The electrons are amplified by the dynode
  • The electrons liberate more electrons (correct)
  • The electrons are absorbed by the dynode

What is the final stage of the electron amplification process in a photomultiplier tube?

  • The production of photoelectrons by the photocathode
  • The collision with the first dynode surface
  • The focusing of electrons by the focusing electrode
  • The collection of electrons at the anode (correct)

What is the purpose of a pixelated grid in a conventional gamma camera?

<p>To form a gamma image by recording the number of detected gamma photons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to minimize scattered gamma photons in gamma ray collimation?

<p>To reduce image noise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the gamma image produced by a conventional gamma camera represent?

<p>A true mapping of the radioactive agents in the targeted region of interest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the focusing electrode in a photomultiplier tube?

<p>To direct the photoelectrons towards the first dynode (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the cascade procedure in a photomultiplier tube?

<p>The liberation of multiple electrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main drawback of the current gamma camera collimators?

<p>Only gamma photons passing through the collimator's holes can be registered. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a gamma camera collimator?

<p>To map gamma rays emitted from the examined region onto the scintillator. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of material is commonly used in the high-density plate of a parallel hole collimator?

<p>Lead (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the hexagonal structured hole arrangement used in parallel hole collimators?

<p>To maximise the exposed area of the gamma camera detector. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the appropriate type of collimator for gamma ray detection?

<p>The FOV dimension, targeted areas' dimensions, and the desired level of sensitivity and spatial resolution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of gamma ray collimation?

<p>To improve the sensitivity of the gamma camera. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of collimator used in gamma image formation?

<p>Parallel hole collimator (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would improve the gamma imaging outcome?

<p>Improving the ability of the gamma camera to maximise the detection of primary gamma photons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern when designing a collimator body?

<p>Minimising scattered gamma photon penetration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between diverging and converging collimators?

<p>Field of view (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of collimator is used for scanning small targeted areas?

<p>Converging collimator (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a pinhole collimator?

<p>To satisfy the needs of nuclear medicine clinics with small organ imaging procedures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical diameter range of a pinhole collimator's aperture?

<p>2-6 mm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of material is often used to make pinhole collimators?

<p>Metals like tungsten, lead or platinum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which applications is the pinhole collimator particularly effective?

<p>Paediatric scans and skeletal extremities nuclear scanning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do converging and diverging collimators have in common?

<p>Exit plane dimensions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the required pinhole diameter for small targeted structures in small animal gamma imaging systems?

<p>1-2 mm or even lower (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a low-energy collimator?

<p>Thin septa and can be used with gamma rays of up to 150 keV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a high-resolution collimator?

<p>To achieve high resolution where required (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a general purpose collimator?

<p>20000 holes each 2.5 mm diameter, a resolution of 9 mm, and sensitivity 150 cps MBq-1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the trade-off of a high-sensitivity collimator?

<p>Poorer resolution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is higher spatial resolution required in small animal gamma imaging systems?

<p>To image smaller targeted structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a high-resolution collimator compared to a general purpose collimator?

<p>More and smaller holes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a collimator with smaller holes?

<p>To achieve higher spatial resolution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using medium-energy collimators?

<p>To accept poorer resolution for shorter exposure times (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation of conventional planar gamma imaging?

<p>It loses depth information and reduces contrast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many types of emission tomography are mentioned in the text?

<p>Two (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs every 6° during a SPECT scan?

<p>The camera halts for 20-30 seconds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many views are taken from different directions in a SPECT scan?

<p>60 views (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate total scanning time for a SPECT scan?

<p>30 minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of using a parallel hole collimator in SPECT?

<p>Fewer counts in each view (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of emission tomography?

<p>To address the limitations of conventional planar gamma imaging (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using SPECT over conventional static imaging?

<p>Better depth information in images (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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