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Questions and Answers
What is the main characteristic of the head region of the body?
What is the main characteristic of the head region of the body?
- It is the anterior-most region which extends to the rear of a bony flap (correct)
- It is a single, ventral fin
- It extends from the anus to the tip of the tail
- It is a set of filamentous structures under each operculum
What is the function of the operculum?
What is the function of the operculum?
- It is a large anterior opening for ingestion
- It is a bony flap covering the gills on each side (correct)
- It is a set of filamentous structures for food capture
- It is a pair of dorsal openings for respiration
What is the main difference between the urogenital opening in males and females?
What is the main difference between the urogenital opening in males and females?
- In males, it is located on the dorsal surface, while in females, it is located on the ventral surface
- In males, it is located on the ventral surface, while in females, it is located on the dorsal surface
- In males, it is a separate genital pore and a urinary pore, while in females, it is a single, anterior opening (correct)
- In males, it is a single, anterior opening, while in females, it is a separate genital pore and a urinary pore
What is the characteristic of the fins in amphibians?
What is the characteristic of the fins in amphibians?
What is the main characteristic of amphibians as a group of vertebrates?
What is the main characteristic of amphibians as a group of vertebrates?
What is the primary function of the mucus glands found in the skin of a fish?
What is the primary function of the mucus glands found in the skin of a fish?
What is the location of the pelvic fins in relation to the body?
What is the location of the pelvic fins in relation to the body?
What is the name of the group that includes sharks, chimeras, and rays?
What is the name of the group that includes sharks, chimeras, and rays?
What is the characteristic feature of the skin of a cartilaginous fish like Squalus?
What is the characteristic feature of the skin of a cartilaginous fish like Squalus?
What is the function of the lateral line in a fish?
What is the function of the lateral line in a fish?
What is the name of the group that includes ostracoderms, lampreys, and hagfishes?
What is the name of the group that includes ostracoderms, lampreys, and hagfishes?
What is the characteristic feature of the endoskeleton of a cartilaginous fish like Squalus?
What is the characteristic feature of the endoskeleton of a cartilaginous fish like Squalus?
What is the characteristic of the wing segments in the folded condition?
What is the characteristic of the wing segments in the folded condition?
How many digits are present in the hind limbs of birds?
How many digits are present in the hind limbs of birds?
What is the function of the uropygial gland in birds?
What is the function of the uropygial gland in birds?
What is the characteristic of the heart in mammals?
What is the characteristic of the heart in mammals?
What is the purpose of the diaphragm in mammals?
What is the purpose of the diaphragm in mammals?
What is the characteristic of the integument in mammals?
What is the characteristic of the integument in mammals?
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes vertebrates from other chordates?
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes vertebrates from other chordates?
Which of the following chordates is NOT a vertebrate?
Which of the following chordates is NOT a vertebrate?
What is the function of the cranium in chordates?
What is the function of the cranium in chordates?
What is the name of the phylum that includes tunicates, lancelets, and vertebrates?
What is the name of the phylum that includes tunicates, lancelets, and vertebrates?
What is the name of the marine animal that is of evolutionary importance because it displays all chordate characteristics?
What is the name of the marine animal that is of evolutionary importance because it displays all chordate characteristics?
What is the name of the study in which a prepared slide of lancelets is examined under a dissecting microscope?
What is the name of the study in which a prepared slide of lancelets is examined under a dissecting microscope?
What is the function of the 'wheel organ' in the given organism?
What is the function of the 'wheel organ' in the given organism?
What is the structure that extends from the anterior portion of the head to the tail?
What is the structure that extends from the anterior portion of the head to the tail?
What is the name of the structure that is homologous to the vertebrate liver?
What is the name of the structure that is homologous to the vertebrate liver?
What is the name of the fringe of ciliated tentacles that border the oral hood?
What is the name of the fringe of ciliated tentacles that border the oral hood?
What is the function of the gill bars?
What is the function of the gill bars?
What is the name of the opening located anterior to the ventral fin?
What is the name of the opening located anterior to the ventral fin?
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Study Notes
Fish Characteristics
- Fins have important functions
- The exterior surface of the fish is covered with tough skin, which contains many mucus glands and produces scales formed in an epidermal pocket
- Scales are arranged in a specific pattern
- The lateral line extends from the operculum behind each eye to the base of the caudal fin and has a specific function
- The lateral line is found on each side of the fish
Fish Diversity
- Fishes are grouped into four classes: jawless fishes (Cl.Agnatha), extinct jawed fishes (Cl.Placodermii), cartilaginous fishes (Cl.Chondrichthyes), and bony fishes (Cl.Osteichthyes)
- Cartilaginous fishes (Cl.Chondrichthyes) include sharks, chimeras, and rays
- Bony fishes (Cl.Osteichthyes) are a distinct class
Cartilaginous Fish: Squalus (Dogfish Shark)
- Has a cartilaginous endoskeleton
- Has biting jaws and paired appendages
- Has tough leathery skin covered with placoid scales
- Is commonly called an elasmobranch due to its exposed gill openings
Reptilia: Lizard
- Vertebrates that made the transition from water to land
- Has a specific wing structure, with the segments making angles with each other like the letter Z
- Has a short upper arm and a longer forearm
- Has a fused wrist and hand directed caudad
- Has three digits (first, second, and third)
- Has a modified hind limb, with feathers and horny scales, and four digits terminating in claws
- Has a ventrally directed hind limb, raising the animal high above the ground
- Has a tail stump covered with large flight feathers (rectrices)
Aves: Bird
- Has a modified hind limb, with feathers and horny scales, and four digits terminating in claws
- Has a ventrally directed hind limb, raising the animal high above the ground
- Has a tail stump covered with large flight feathers (rectrices)
- Has an anus or cloaca, a transverse opening with protruding lips
- Has papillae, elevated openings of the uropygial gland from which birds obtain oil for preening feathers
Mammalia: Fetal Pig
- Has a body surface covered with hair
- Has an integument (skin) with several types of glands
- Has teeth borne on bony jaws
- Has a four-chambered heart
- Has a muscular diaphragm separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities
- Has a head, trunk, and tail region
- Has a mouth, nostrils, operculum, gills, and eyes on the head
- Has an anus, urogenital opening, and fins on the ventral surface
- Has dorsal, anal, caudal, pectoral, and pelvic fins
Amphibia: Toad
- Includes toads, frogs, and salamanders
- Is generally semi-terrestrial
- Belongs to Phylum Chordata, which is divided into three subphyla: Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata
- Shares many characteristics with other chordates, including a brain and organs of special sense housed in a cranium (skull)
Branchiostoma (Lancelets or Amphioxus)
- A small, lance-shaped marine animal that swims along the sandy bottoms of coastal waters
- Is a filter feeder, with a specific body structure
- Has a long dorsal fin, a short ventral fin, and an enlarged caudal fin (tail)
- Has short fin rays composed of connective tissue within the fins
- Has a rostrum, oral hood, mouth, pharynx, gill bars, myomeres, notochord, dorsal nerve cord, intestine, midgut caecum, and atriopore
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