Phylum Brachiopoda Overview
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Questions and Answers

What feature indicates the growth of the shell from its embryonic origin?

  • Pedicle
  • Concentric growth lines (correct)
  • Radial ribs
  • Costae

In which classification is the Order Lingulida categorized?

  • Articulates
  • Inarticulates (correct)
  • Astrophic
  • Strophic

Which subphylum includes brachiopods that are known to be circular to subcircular in shape?

  • Craniiformea (correct)
  • Rhynchonelliformea
  • Linguliformea
  • Anthropoda

What characterizes the brachiopods of Order Athyridida?

<p>Complex spiral brachidium retained after maturation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What material primarily composes the shells of inarticulates?

<p>Calcium phosphate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subphylum is best known for the genus Lingula?

<p>Linguliformea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The extraordinary longevity of Lingula is attributed to its ability to live in what type of habitat?

<p>Brackish lagoons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of articulate brachiopod shells?

<p>Teeth and sockets present (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic feature distinguishes the suborder Spiriferidina within the order Spiriferida?

<p>Wing-like profile from a long, strophic hinge line (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do strophomenides typically differ in shell shape compared to other brachiopod orders?

<p>They exhibit a plano-convex or concavo-convex shape. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features are common to the order Terebratulida?

<p>A large pedicle foramen and biconvex shape (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ecological role do brachiopods primarily fulfill in marine environments?

<p>Filter feeders relying on water currents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the primary habitat requirements for brachiopods?

<p>They depend on a wide range of benthic habitats. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary feature typically differentiates brachiopods from bivalves?

<p>Brachiopods have internal structures like brachidia, which bivalves do not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brachiopod group is characterized by having a completely closed pedicle foramen?

<p>Strophomenida (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key morphological feature of the shell structure in Terebratulina septentrionalis?

<p>Strongly biconvex shell with little ornamentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lophophore in brachiopods?

<p>To filter particles and detritus out of the water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subphylum of Brachiopoda includes the group known as lingulids?

<p>Linguliformea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the morphology of modern brachiopods differ from Palaeozoic brachiopods?

<p>Modern brachiopods are less diverse and exploit fewer marine environments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of valves in a typical brachiopod shell?

<p>Ventral and dorsal valves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do setae play in the brachiopod's anatomy?

<p>They help sense the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which geological period did brachiopods first originate?

<p>Cambrian (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feeding strategy of brachiopods?

<p>Filter feeding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'living fossils' refer to in the context of brachiopods?

<p>Species that have remained morphologically unchanged for a long time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Brachiopod Inarticulates

Brachiopods with shells lacking defined hinges, made of calcium phosphate, and relying on muscles for movement.

Brachiopod Articulates

Brachiopods with articulated hinges (teeth and sockets), made of calcium carbonate.

Linguliformea

A subphylum of brachiopods characterized by shells lacking defined hinges.

Order Lingulida

A group of inarticulate brachiopods known for the living genus Lingula, which lives buried in mudflats.

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Rhynchonelliformea

A subphylum of articulate brachiopods.

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Craniiformea

A subphylum of brachiopods with circular or subcircular shells, often encrusting on surfaces.

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Brachiopod Costae

Fine radial ribs running from the beak to the commissure on the shell.

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Lingula

A common genus of brachiopods in the order Lingulida, characterized by its long pedicle for burrowing in mudflats.

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Brachiopod Habitat

Brachiopods are exclusively marine filter feeders, primarily found in shallow, coastal waters, attached to the substrate.

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Brachiopod Shell Shape

Brachiopods have two shells, one larger than the other. The larger, ventral valve often has a pedicle for attachment, while the smaller, dorsal valve houses the lophophore.

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Brachiopod Morphology - Lophophore

The lophophore is a feeding structure inside the shell. It filters particles and detritus from the water.

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Brachiopod Morphology - Coelomic Cavity

The coelomic cavity, located in the back of the shell, houses the brachiopod's internal organs.

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Brachiopod Morphology - Nephridium

A kidney-like structure called a nephridium removes metabolic waste from the brachiopod.

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Brachiopod Morphology - Setae

Setae are bristles near the edge of the brachiopod's shell, helping them sense the environment.

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Brachiopod Morphology - Adductors

Muscles called adductors close the brachiopod's shell by pulling the two valves together.

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Brachiopod Diversity

Brachiopods were very diverse in the Paleozoic, with a wide range of shell shapes and adaptations. However, modern brachiopods are mostly similar in morphology and live in limited environments.

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Spiriferida Order

A highly diverse brachiopod group known for its spiral lophophore and distinctive shell shape. Characterized by strongly biconvex shells with radial ridges (costae) and a large interarea on the ventral valve.

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Spiriferidina Suborder

A suborder within the Spiriferida, characterized by a long strophic hinge line giving them a wing-like profile. They typically have a wide pedicle interarea with a large delthyrium.

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Strophomenida Order

The largest and most variable brachiopod order, known for their concavo-convex to plano-convex shells and a completely closed pedicle foramen. This indicates their reduced pedicle and a free-living lifestyle in adulthood.

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Strophomenidina Suborder

The earliest and most primitive group within the Strophomenida order, characterized by a deeply concavo-convex shell that gives them a D-shaped outline.

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Terebratulida Order

The most well-known group of living brachiopods, characterized by their distinctive oil lamp shape, strong biconvex shells, a large pedicle foramen, and a beak that overhangs the short, curved hinge.

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Brachiopod Ecology

These marine animals are exclusively benthic and filter feeders. Most live on or partially enclosed by the substrate, relying on currents to bring food and oxygen. They are found in a range of benthic habitats.

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Brachiopod vs. Bivalve

Brachiopods are often mistaken for bivalves due to their similar appearance. However, their shells are oriented differently, with the dorsal and ventral valves aligned differently, leading to distinct features.

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Study Notes

Phylum Brachiopoda

  • Brachiopods were dominant shelly marine invertebrates during the Paleozoic Era.
  • They originated in the early Cambrian and diversified in the Ordovician.
  • They survived the end-Permian mass extinction but declined through the Mesozoic.
  • Classified into three subphyla: Linguliformea, Craniiformea, and Rhynchonelliformea.
  • Exclusively marine filter feeders.
  • Shell shape can indicate the substrate type.
  • Communities can be used to study paleoenvironments.
  • Some, like lingulids, have remained unchanged for 500 million years, called living fossils.
  • Terebratulides are sometimes called lamp shells due to their resemblance to oil lamps.
  • Most modern brachiopods live in marginal marine environments and have similar morphologies.
  • Paleozoic brachiopods had a wider range of morphologies, from erect coral-like forms to flattened saucer shapes.

Morphology

  • Brachiopod shells have one larger valve (ventral or pedicle valve).
  • The ventral valve has an opening for a pedicle stalk to attach to the substrate.
  • The opposite smaller valve is the dorsal (or brachial) valve.
  • Lophophore (brachium) attaches to the dorsal valve, filling most of the interior.
  • Coelomic cavity houses internal organs.
  • Metanephridium (kidney-like structure) for waste excretion exists.
  • Setae (bristles) around the margin sense the environment.
  • Adductor muscles (connected to dorsal and ventral valves) close the shell.
  • Diductor muscles are connected to the ventral valve pulling and opening,
  • Pedicle foramen is the opening for the pedicle.
  • Delthyrium is a notch in the ventral valve (rather than foramen in some cases).
  • Notothyrium is a notch in the dorsal valve.

Morphology (additional)

  • Pedicle foramen (opening for the pedicle) is often in the beak.
  • Deltidial plates or a single deltidium may enclose the foramen.
  • Delthyrium is a shallow notch instead of a foramen.
  • Chilidium may be a plate enclosing the notothyrium.
  • Pentameride brachiopods have a spondylium (spoon-shaped platform) in the ventral valve.
  • Cruralium (spoon-shaped feature) is in the dorsal valve.
  • Septum subdivides the shell into chambers.

Phylum Brachiopoda: Classification

  • Traditional Classification:
    • Inarticulates: calcium phosphate shells, no hinges or teeth, held together by muscles, (e.g., Lingulida).
    • Articulates: calcium carbonate shells with hinges and teeth, (all other brachiopods).
  • Modern Classification:
    • Subphyla include Linguliformea, Rhynchonelliformea, and Craniiformea.

Ecology and Paleoecology

  • Benthic marine animals.
  • Filter feeders; do not actively search for food; rely on currents for food/oxygen and waste removal.
  • Life styles include burrowing, semi-infaunal, epifaunal, and encrusting.

Distinguishing Brachiopods and Bivalves

  • Superficial similarities but different symmetry plane.
  • Bivalves have left and right valves aligned with the line of symmetry along the valves' edges.
  • Brachiopods have dorsal and ventral valves with the line of symmetry dividing each valve in half.
  • Most brachiopods have a plane of symmetry that runs through both shells; the right valve is a mirror image of the left in bivalves.

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Description

Discover the fascinating world of Brachiopoda, dominant marine invertebrates during the Paleozoic Era. This quiz covers their origin, diversification, morphology, and their ecological significance in studying paleoenvironments. Test your knowledge of these unique filter feeders and their intriguing evolutionary history.

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