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Questions and Answers
Which term refers to the similarity in traits or structures between different species due to shared ancestry?
Which term refers to the similarity in traits or structures between different species due to shared ancestry?
What term describes anatomical features in organisms that have lost their original function through evolution?
What term describes anatomical features in organisms that have lost their original function through evolution?
What is the process by which populations evolve traits that enhance their fitness and survival in specific environments?
What is the process by which populations evolve traits that enhance their fitness and survival in specific environments?
What type of natural selection favors individuals with extreme traits, causing a shift in the population's phenotype toward that extreme?
What type of natural selection favors individuals with extreme traits, causing a shift in the population's phenotype toward that extreme?
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What is the term for the random change in allele frequencies in a population over time, often more pronounced in small populations?
What is the term for the random change in allele frequencies in a population over time, often more pronounced in small populations?
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What is the term for a drastic reduction in population size, often due to a catastrophic event, resulting in reduced genetic diversity?
What is the term for a drastic reduction in population size, often due to a catastrophic event, resulting in reduced genetic diversity?
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What is the term for the process by which new species arise through the evolution of reproductive isolation between populations?
What is the term for the process by which new species arise through the evolution of reproductive isolation between populations?
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What is the term for the barrier preventing members of two populations from interbreeding and exchanging genes?
What is the term for the barrier preventing members of two populations from interbreeding and exchanging genes?
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What is the term for the rigid, outer structural layer found in plant, fungal, and bacterial cells, providing support and protection?
What is the term for the rigid, outer structural layer found in plant, fungal, and bacterial cells, providing support and protection?
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What are the short, hair-like appendages on the surface of some bacterial cells, used for attachment to surfaces and genetic exchange?
What are the short, hair-like appendages on the surface of some bacterial cells, used for attachment to surfaces and genetic exchange?
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Which term refers to the evolutionary history and relationships among species or groups of organisms?
Which term refers to the evolutionary history and relationships among species or groups of organisms?
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What is a graphical representation of the evolutionary relationships and common ancestry among different species or groups of organisms?
What is a graphical representation of the evolutionary relationships and common ancestry among different species or groups of organisms?
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What is the process of evolution where species change over generations due to genetic variations and natural selection, resulting in the development of new traits and species?
What is the process of evolution where species change over generations due to genetic variations and natural selection, resulting in the development of new traits and species?
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What refers to the process by which organisms acquire traits that enhance their survival and reproduction in a specific environment, improving their fitness?
What refers to the process by which organisms acquire traits that enhance their survival and reproduction in a specific environment, improving their fitness?
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What is the selective breeding of organisms by humans to promote the inheritance of desired traits, leading to the development of domesticated varieties?
What is the selective breeding of organisms by humans to promote the inheritance of desired traits, leading to the development of domesticated varieties?
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What does fitness in biology refer to?
What does fitness in biology refer to?
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What is the outdated idea suggesting that traits acquired during an individual's lifetime can be passed on to offspring?
What is the outdated idea suggesting that traits acquired during an individual's lifetime can be passed on to offspring?
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What does common ancestry indicate?
What does common ancestry indicate?
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Which term refers to the evolutionary relationships and common ancestry among different species or groups of organisms?
Which term refers to the evolutionary relationships and common ancestry among different species or groups of organisms?
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What is a graphical representation of the evolutionary relationships and common ancestry among different species or groups of organisms?
What is a graphical representation of the evolutionary relationships and common ancestry among different species or groups of organisms?
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Which term refers to an organism that thrives in extreme environmental conditions, such as high temperatures, high salinity, or extreme acidity or alkalinity?
Which term refers to an organism that thrives in extreme environmental conditions, such as high temperatures, high salinity, or extreme acidity or alkalinity?
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What is the term for a metabolic process or organism that functions in the absence of oxygen, using alternative electron acceptors for energy production?
What is the term for a metabolic process or organism that functions in the absence of oxygen, using alternative electron acceptors for energy production?
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Which term refers to an organism capable of producing its own organic compounds as a source of energy?
Which term refers to an organism capable of producing its own organic compounds as a source of energy?
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What is the term for an organism that obtains organic compounds from other organisms as a source of energy and carbon?
What is the term for an organism that obtains organic compounds from other organisms as a source of energy and carbon?
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What are the hair-like, small, numerous projections on the surface of some cells, used for movement or feeding?
What are the hair-like, small, numerous projections on the surface of some cells, used for movement or feeding?
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What are the temporary, finger-like extensions of the cell membrane used by some protists for locomotion and capturing prey?
What are the temporary, finger-like extensions of the cell membrane used by some protists for locomotion and capturing prey?
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What is the term for a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms that do not fit into other plant, animal, or fungal classifications?
What is the term for a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms that do not fit into other plant, animal, or fungal classifications?
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What is a type of protist characterized by its animal-like behavior, often single-celled, and typically heterotrophic?
What is a type of protist characterized by its animal-like behavior, often single-celled, and typically heterotrophic?
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What are photosynthetic, aquatic, and often multicellular organisms belonging to various taxonomic groups?
What are photosynthetic, aquatic, and often multicellular organisms belonging to various taxonomic groups?
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What is the underground part of a plant that anchors it, absorbs water and nutrients, and stores energy?
What is the underground part of a plant that anchors it, absorbs water and nutrients, and stores energy?
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Which plant tissue is responsible for transporting sugars and organic nutrients from photosynthetic tissues to the rest of the plant?
Which plant tissue is responsible for transporting sugars and organic nutrients from photosynthetic tissues to the rest of the plant?
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What is a reproductive structure that can develop into a new individual without fertilization, often produced by fungi, plants, and some protists?
What is a reproductive structure that can develop into a new individual without fertilization, often produced by fungi, plants, and some protists?
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What is a mature plant embryo enclosed in a protective coat, often containing a food supply for germination?
What is a mature plant embryo enclosed in a protective coat, often containing a food supply for germination?
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What is the reproductive structure of angiosperms, typically composed of petals, sepals, stamens, and carpels?
What is the reproductive structure of angiosperms, typically composed of petals, sepals, stamens, and carpels?
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What is a non-vascular plant group, including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, characterized by a lack of true roots, stems, and leaves?
What is a non-vascular plant group, including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, characterized by a lack of true roots, stems, and leaves?
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What is a type of bryophyte, non-vascular, typically forming dense, green mats in moist habitats?
What is a type of bryophyte, non-vascular, typically forming dense, green mats in moist habitats?
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What is a group of vascular plants known for their fronds and spore reproduction, characterized by a lack of seeds?
What is a group of vascular plants known for their fronds and spore reproduction, characterized by a lack of seeds?
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What is a group of seed-producing, vascular plants with 'naked' seeds not enclosed in fruits, including conifers and cycads?
What is a group of seed-producing, vascular plants with 'naked' seeds not enclosed in fruits, including conifers and cycads?
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What is the largest group of vascular plants, characterized by flowers and seeds enclosed within fruits?
What is the largest group of vascular plants, characterized by flowers and seeds enclosed within fruits?
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What are thread-like filaments that make up the body of multicellular fungi?
What are thread-like filaments that make up the body of multicellular fungi?
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Which cell in cnidarians contains a stinging structure called a nematocyst?
Which cell in cnidarians contains a stinging structure called a nematocyst?
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What is the free-swimming, bell-shaped form of some cnidarians called?
What is the free-swimming, bell-shaped form of some cnidarians called?
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What is the sessile, tubular form of some cnidarians called?
What is the sessile, tubular form of some cnidarians called?
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Which anatomical feature is used for locomotion in mollusks?
Which anatomical feature is used for locomotion in mollusks?
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What is the function of the mantle in mollusks?
What is the function of the mantle in mollusks?
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Which group of organisms has a hydraulic system called the water-vascular system?
Which group of organisms has a hydraulic system called the water-vascular system?
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What is the flexible, rod-like structure found in chordates during some stage of development?
What is the flexible, rod-like structure found in chordates during some stage of development?
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Which connective tissue is flexible and strong, providing support and flexibility in some vertebrates?
Which connective tissue is flexible and strong, providing support and flexibility in some vertebrates?
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Study Notes
Evolution and Natural Selection
- Homologous structures are similar traits or structures between different species due to shared ancestry.
- Vestigial structures are anatomical features in organisms that have lost their original function through evolution.
- Adaptation is the process by which populations evolve traits that enhance their fitness and survival in specific environments.
- Directional selection favors individuals with extreme traits, causing a shift in the population's phenotype toward that extreme.
- Genetic drift is the random change in allele frequencies in a population over time, often more pronounced in small populations.
- Bottleneck effect is a drastic reduction in population size, often due to a catastrophic event, resulting in reduced genetic diversity.
Species and Speciation
- Speciation is the process by which new species arise through the evolution of reproductive isolation between populations.
- Reproductive barrier is the barrier preventing members of two populations from interbreeding and exchanging genes.
- Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history and relationships among species or groups of organisms.
- Phylogenetic tree is a graphical representation of the evolutionary relationships and common ancestry among different species or groups of organisms.
Cells and Microorganisms
- Cell wall is the rigid, outer structural layer found in plant, fungal, and bacterial cells, providing support and protection.
- Pili are short, hair-like appendages on the surface of some bacterial cells, used for attachment to surfaces and genetic exchange.
- Extremophile is an organism that thrives in extreme environmental conditions, such as high temperatures, high salinity, or extreme acidity or alkalinity.
- Anaerobic respiration is a metabolic process or organism that functions in the absence of oxygen, using alternative electron acceptors for energy production.
- Autotroph is an organism capable of producing its own organic compounds as a source of energy.
- Heterotroph is an organism that obtains organic compounds from other organisms as a source of energy and carbon.
Plant and Protist Biology
- Cilia are hair-like, small, numerous projections on the surface of some cells, used for movement or feeding.
- Pseudopodia are temporary, finger-like extensions of the cell membrane used by some protists for locomotion and capturing prey.
- Protist is a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms that do not fit into other plant, animal, or fungal classifications.
- Zooflagellate is a type of protist characterized by its animal-like behavior, often single-celled, and typically heterotrophic.
- Algae are photosynthetic, aquatic, and often multicellular organisms belonging to various taxonomic groups.
- Root is the underground part of a plant that anchors it, absorbs water and nutrients, and stores energy.
- Phloem is a plant tissue responsible for transporting sugars and organic nutrients from photosynthetic tissues to the rest of the plant.
Reproduction and Development
- Spore is a reproductive structure that can develop into a new individual without fertilization, often produced by fungi, plants, and some protists.
- Seed is a mature plant embryo enclosed in a protective coat, often containing a food supply for germination.
- Flower is the reproductive structure of angiosperms, typically composed of petals, sepals, stamens, and carpels.
- Bryophyte is a non-vascular plant group, including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, characterized by a lack of true roots, stems, and leaves.
- Moss is a type of bryophyte, non-vascular, typically forming dense, green mats in moist habitats.
Fungi and Animals
- Hyphae are thread-like filaments that make up the body of multicellular fungi.
- Cnidoblast is a cell in cnidarians that contains a stinging structure called a nematocyst.
- Medusa is the free-swimming, bell-shaped form of some cnidarians.
- Polyp is the sessile, tubular form of some cnidarians.
- Foot is the anatomical feature used for locomotion in mollusks.
- Mantle is a layer of tissue in mollusks that secretes the shell and provides protection.
Chordates and Vertebrates
- Echinoderms are a group of organisms that have a hydraulic system called the water-vascular system.
- Notochord is the flexible, rod-like structure found in chordates during some stage of development.
- Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that is flexible and strong, providing support and flexibility in some vertebrates.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of phylogeny and phylogenetic trees with this quiz! Be familiar with key terms and concepts related to the evolutionary history and relationships among species.
