Phylogeny and Evolutionary Relationships
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Questions and Answers

What is phylogeny primarily concerned with?

  • The classification of organisms based on physical traits
  • The study of relatedness among species (correct)
  • The reproductive strategies of species
  • The environmental adaptations of organisms

Which data source is NOT used in constructing phylogenetic trees?

  • Morphological data
  • Fossil evidence
  • Genetic data
  • Physiological responses (correct)

What does adaptive radiation result in?

  • A gradual increase in genetic similarity among species
  • Extinction of the parent species
  • Rapid diversification from a single ancestral species (correct)
  • Constant morphological traits among descendants

Which of the following correctly describes homology?

<p>Features inherited from a common ancestor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of taxonomic hierarchy from broad to specific?

<p>Domain, Kingdom, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes features that arise from convergent evolution?

<p>Analogous traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key feature of adaptive radiation is depicted in its phylogenetic tree pattern?

<p>Multiple branches radiating from a single node (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a rule of binomial nomenclature?

<p>Species names may contain multiple words (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a monophyletic group?

<p>Includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an outgroup in a phylogenetic tree?

<p>To root the tree and distinguish ancestral traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately defines shared ancestral characters?

<p>Found in both the common ancestor and all of its descendants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes convergent evolution?

<p>Independent evolution of similar traits in unrelated lineages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options correctly lists the three domains of life?

<p>Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of paraphyletic groups?

<p>Includes a common ancestor but not all descendants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which kingdom is currently being reorganized into multiple groups?

<p>Protista (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes shared derived characters from shared ancestral characters?

<p>Shared derived characters are found only in specific clades. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for the kingdom Protista to be paraphyletic?

<p>It does not include all descendants of the most common ancestor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism does NOT facilitate horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes?

<p>Plasmogamy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of hyphae in fungi?

<p>To facilitate the absorption of nutrients. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of the fungal life cycle does karyogamy occur?

<p>Fusion of nuclei to form a diploid zygote. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the dikaryotic stage in fungi?

<p>It allows two nuclei to coexist without fusing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do mycorrhizal associations play in fungal adaptations?

<p>They enhance nutrient uptake for both fungi and plants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of meiospores in the fungal life cycle?

<p>They originate from a diploid stage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines horizontal gene transfer's impact on evolution?

<p>It introduces genetic innovation and facilitates rapid adaptation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure in plants helps minimize water loss?

<p>Cuticle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue is responsible for transporting water and minerals in plants?

<p>Xylem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of phloem in vascular plants?

<p>Transport of sugars and organic nutrients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reproductive adaptation of seed plants?

<p>Seeds with protective coats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms from angiosperms?

<p>Presence of seeds without fruit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of plants includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts?

<p>Bryophytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sporopollenin in plants?

<p>It protects spores and pollen from desiccation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes microphylls from megaphylls in plants?

<p>Size of the leaves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a clade in biological classification?

<p>A monophyletic group, including a common ancestor and all of its descendants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event marks the beginning of the Phanerozoic eon?

<p>The Cambrian explosion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately defines sister taxa?

<p>Groups that share an immediate common ancestor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of symmetry is characterized by body parts arranged around a central axis?

<p>Radial Symmetry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a basal taxon?

<p>The earliest diverging lineage from a common ancestor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis suggests that RNA was the first genetic material?

<p>RNA world hypothesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT shared by sponges and choanoflagellates?

<p>Both have true tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of bilateral symmetry for bilaterians?

<p>Streamlined locomotion for directional movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological phenomenon affected biodiversity and habitat distribution in the past?

<p>Plate tectonics and continental drift (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of events does adaptive radiation often follow?

<p>Mass extinctions and environmental changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'cephalization' refer to in the context of bilateral organisms?

<p>The concentration of sensory organs at the head end (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms is classified as a methanogen?

<p>Archaea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in coelomates is formed by the mesoderm?

<p>Muscles and organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do Hox genes play in metazoans?

<p>Controlling body plan and segment development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis is NOT associated with the Cambrian Explosion?

<p>Development of multicellularity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements accurately describes diploblastic organisms?

<p>They have two germ layers: ectoderm and endoderm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Binomial Nomenclature

A two-part naming system using Latin, with the genus capitalized and the species lowercase, both italicized, to provide a universal and unambiguous name for organisms.

Monophyletic Group

A group that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants.

Paraphyletic Group

A group that includes a common ancestor but not all of its descendants.

Polyphyletic Group

A group that includes species from multiple ancestors, often unrelated.

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Outgroup

A taxon outside the group being studied, used to root the phylogenetic tree and differentiate between ancestral and derived traits.

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Shared Ancestral Character

A trait found in both the common ancestor and all of its descendants.

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Shared Derived Character

A trait unique to a specific clade, evolving after the common ancestor.

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Convergent Evolution

The independent evolution of similar traits in unrelated lineages, driven by similar environmental pressures.

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What is phylogeny?

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationships among species or groups of organisms.

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How are phylogenies used?

Phylogenies are used to study evolutionary patterns, trace lineage divergences, and understand traits' origins.

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What are the applications of phylogenies?

Phylogenies have applications in conservation biology, medicine, and agriculture to determine things like identifying evolutionary distinctiveness, evolution of pathogens, and crop origins.

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What are homologous traits?

Homologous traits are features that are inherited from a common ancestor.

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What are analogous traits?

Analogous traits are features due to convergent evolution, not shared ancestry, like the wings on bats and insects.

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What is adaptive radiation?

Adaptive radiation is the rapid evolution of diverse species from a single ancestor, often due to new ecological opportunities.

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What is taxonomy?

Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms.

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What is the hierarchical classification system of living organisms?

The hierarchical classification system of living organisms goes from broad to specific: domain, kingdom, class, order, family, genus, species.

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Taxon

A group of organisms that share common characteristics, such as a species, genus, or family.

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Clade

A group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants, forming a complete branch of the evolutionary tree.

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Sister Taxa

Two groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor.

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Node

A point on an evolutionary tree that represents a divergence event, where a common ancestor split into two or more lineages.

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Polytomy

A node on an evolutionary tree where the relationships between lineages are unresolved, meaning more than two lineages descended from a single ancestor.

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Basal Taxon

An early diverging lineage from a common ancestor, representing a branch that separated from the rest of the group before others diversified.

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Phanerozoic Eon

The geologic eon that spans the last 541 million years, marked by the appearance of abundant fossil evidence and significant evolutionary events.

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RNA World Hypothesis

The hypothesis that RNA, not DNA, was the primary form of genetic material early in life's history, due to its ability to store genetic information, catalyze reactions, self-replicate, and evolve.

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Horizontal Gene Transfer

The movement of genetic material between organisms, bypassing traditional parent-to-offspring inheritance. This can occur through mechanisms like transformation, transduction, or conjugation in prokaryotes, and endosymbiosis or gene capture in eukaryotes.

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Evolutionary Implications of Horizontal Gene Transfer

Horizontal gene transfer plays a significant role in evolution by introducing new genes and functions, accelerating evolution, blurring lineages, challenging the tree-like view of evolution, creating a web of life, and facilitating rapid adaptation.

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Fungal Cell Wall Composition

Fungi have a cell wall composed of chitin, a strong and flexible polysaccharide that provides structural support and protection.

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Hyphae and Mycelium

Hyphae are thread-like structures that grow and branch, forming a network called mycelium. This network maximizes surface area for absorption of nutrients from the environment.

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Fungal Spore Production

Fungi reproduce using spores, which are small, resistant structures that can disperse through the air or water. Spores can survive harsh conditions and germinate to form new fungal colonies.

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Plasmogamy

The fusion of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia without nuclear fusion, forming a dikaryotic stage (n+n).

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Karyogamy

The fusion of nuclei to form a diploid (2n) zygote.

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Fungal Symbiotic Relationships

Fungi form mutualistic symbiotic relationships with other organisms, like plants, animals, and protists. These partnerships provide benefits for both involved parties, such as enhanced nutrient uptake, increased access to resources, and protection from pathogens.

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What is the closest relative to plants?

Zygnematophyceae, a group of green algae, are the closest relatives to plants.

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What adaptations allow plants to live on land?

Plants have structural adaptations like a cuticle to prevent water loss and stomata for gas exchange. They also have vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) for water and nutrient transport and roots or rhizoids for anchoring and absorption.

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What is the difference between xylem and phloem?

Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to shoots, while phloem transports sugars and other organic nutrients from sources to sinks.

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What are the general features of vascular plants?

Vascular plants have a dominant sporophyte phase, which means the diploid plant is the main stage of their life cycle. They have specialized leaves for photosynthesis and a vascular system (xylem and phloem) for transport.

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What are the three main groups of embryophytes?

Embryophytes are land plants and are divided into three groups: nonvascular plants (bryophytes), seedless vascular plants (ferns), and seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms).

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What are the key features of seed plants?

Seed plants have an embryo, nutritive tissue, and a protective coat in their seeds. They use pollen grains for fertilization without water. They also are heterosporous, producing microspores and megaspores.

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What are the functions of the parts of a seed?

The embryo is the developing plant, the nutritive tissue (endosperm or cotyledons) provides sustenance, and the seed coat protects the embryo.

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Asymmetry

Lack of symmetry, like in sponges.

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Radial Symmetry

Body parts arranged around a central axis, like a wheel.

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Bilateral Symmetry

Divisible into mirror-image halves along one plane.

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Endoderm

Innermost germ layer in developing animals, forming the digestive tract.

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Ectoderm

Outermost germ layer in developing animals, forming the skin and nervous system.

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Mesoderm

Middle germ layer in developing animals, forming muscles and organs.

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Coelom

A body cavity lined with mesoderm in coelomate animals.

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Cephalization

Development of a head with sensory organs.

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Study Notes

Phylogeny and Phylogenies

  • Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationships among species or groups of organisms.
  • Phylogenies are used to study evolutionary patterns, trace lineages, and understand the origins of traits.
  • Applications include conservation biology, medicine, and agriculture.

Data Sources for Phylogeny

  • Morphological data (physical characteristics like anatomy, development, fossils, and coloration) can be used to create phylogenies.
  • Analogous traits may appear similar despite not having a common ancestor.
  • Evolutionary changes are inferred using algorithms and matrices built from data.

Homology and Analogy

  • Homology: features inherited from a common ancestor (e.g., vertebrate forelimbs).
  • Analogy: features due to convergent evolution, not shared ancestry (e.g., wings on bats and insects).
  • Only homologous structures are useful for developing phylogenetic trees.

Adaptive Radiation

  • Rapid diversification of species from a single ancestor due to new ecological opportunities.
  • Examples like Darwin's finches and mammalian diversification demonstrate the pattern.
  • Characterized by rapid diversification, common ancestry, and adaptation to new niches.

Taxonomy and Classification

  • Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms from broad to specific (domain, kingdom, class, order, family, genus, species).
  • Binomial nomenclature (e.g., Homo sapiens) uses a two-part Latin name for species to avoid confusion.

Monophyletic, Paraphyletic, and Polyphyletic Groups

  • Monophyletic: includes a common ancestor and all descendants
  • Paraphyletic: includes a common ancestor but not all descendants
  • Polyphyletic: includes species from multiple ancestors

Outgroups in Phylogenies

  • An outgroup is a taxon outside the ingroup (the group of interest) used to root the tree.
  • This helps distinguish between ancestral and derived traits.
  • Outgroup selection is crucial for correct tree rooting, it distinguishes ancestral from derived traits.

Shared Ancestral and Derived Characters

  • Shared ancestral characters: present in the common ancestor and all descendants (e.g., backbone in vertebrates).
  • Shared derived characters: unique to a specific clade of organisms (e.g., feathers in birds).

Convergent Evolution

  • The independent evolution of similar traits in unrelated lineages due to similar environmental pressures.
  • This results in analogous structures (e.g., wings in bats and insects) that arise from different evolutionary paths.

Three-Domain and Six-Kingdom Systems

  • Three Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
  • Six Kingdoms: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia (some kingdoms are reorganized).

Prokaryotes

  • Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic.
  • Major groups include Cyanobacteria (photosynthetic, nitrogen fixation), Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and archaea.
  • Prokaryotes use a variety of adaptations for survival and reproduction.

Endosymbiosis

  • A symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside the cell of another, eventually leading to organelles.
  • Key example includes mitochondria and chloroplasts, which were once free-living prokaryotes.

Fungi

  • Fungal adaptations include chitin cell walls, a mycelium structure (network of hyphae), and heterotrophic nutrition (decomposers).
  • Reproduction involves spores, with life cycles including stages like plasmogamy and karyogamy.
  • Mutualistic relationships exist with plants (mycorrhizae).

Plant Phylogeny and Diversity

  • Plant phylogeny differentiates nonvascular, seedless vascular, and seed plants (gymnosperms, angiosperms).
  • Key adaptations for terrestrial life include water conservation mechanisms (cuticle, stomata), vascular tissues (xylem and phloem), and reproductive adaptations.
  • Plants undergo alternation of generations, with distinct sporophyte and gametophyte stages.

Seed Plants

  • Key features include seeds (containing embryo, nutritive tissue, and seed coat), pollen, and heterospory (production of megaspores and microspores).
  • Seeds offer advantages over spores by providing nourishment and protection during early development.

Animal Phylogeny

  • Clades of animals (Bilateria, Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, Deuterostomia) demonstrate evolutionary relationships.
  • Three types of body symmetry (asymmetry, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry) reflect evolutionary adaptations and ecological niches.

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Description

This quiz delves into the concepts of phylogeny and phylogenies, exploring the evolutionary history of organisms. It covers important topics such as homology, analogy, and adaptive radiation, along with their applications in various fields like conservation biology and medicine.

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