Phrase, Clause and Verbals

• Phrase and Clause

Phrase

• A phrase is a group of words lacking a subject-verb connection
• Examples of phrases lacking a subject or verb include "had been standing sleepily", "the noisy children," and "looking for Santa"

Clause

• A clause contains a subject and verb that work together, potentially including phrases

• Clauses can be independent or dependent

• Example: "Over the hill (phrase), they went (clause)."

• Verbals

Verb

• Action words

Adjectives

• Words describing nouns

Verbals

• Appear like verbs but function differently; not action words

Participles

• Verbs acting as adjectives
• Past participles end in "d" or “ed”
• Present participles end in "ing"
• Examples: boiled egg (past), jogging pants (present)

Infinitives

• "To" + verb (base form)
• Functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb
• Infinitive phrases include an infinitive with complements and modifiers

Gerunds

• Verbs ending in "ing" used as nouns

• Function as nouns

• Example: "Reading (subject) trains the mind."

• Gerund phrases include a gerund with complements and modifiers, acting as subjects, objects, or complements in a sentence.

• Example: "She likes stalking (direct object) her crush."

• Parallelism

Parallelism Definition

• The similarity of words, phrases, and clauses in structural patterns and functions within a sentence

Parallelism Rules

• Use the same part of speech when listing items in a sentence and ensure items have the same grammatical structure
• Words, phrases, or clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS=for, and, nor, but, yet, or, so) and correlative conjunctions (either...or, neither...nor, both...and, not only...but also) should have the same grammatical structure.

Avoiding Faulty Parallelism

• Ideas with similar content and function should share similar structure or grammatical form

• Persuasive Writing

Persuasive Writing Definition

• The use of language to convince someone to agree with an opinion or take a specific action

• Persuasive Appeals

Logos

• Appeals to logic and reasoning
• Encourages rational thinking using factual information
• Strengthens arguments with expert quotes, theories, facts, reliable data, and real-life examples

Pathos

• Appeals to emotions and ideas
• Evokes emotions like fear, sadness, sympathy, happiness, or anger
• Supports ideals strongly felt by the audience
• Uses emotionally charged language, anecdotes, vivid descriptions, and figurative language

Ethos

• Appeals to credibility

• Builds trust and respect between writer and audience

• Bolsters arguments by building credibility

• Achieved through proper language, references to credible sources, awards, and achievements

• Persuasive Devices

Imperative Mood

• Uses imperative sentences to express commands or calls

Inclusive Language

• Employs words like "I," "we," "you," "us," and "our" to create solidarity with the audience

Rhetorical Question

• Poses a question that doesn't require an answer

Repetition

• Repeating words, phrases and statements that can reinforce an argument

Modality

• Uses modals to express intention, responsibility, ability, or probability
• Common modals: can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, and must

Hyperbole

• Exaggerates sentences

Simile

• Uses "like" or "as" to compare

Rule of Three

• Uses groups of three adjectives or examples

Evidence & Statistics

• Incorportates percentages, fractions, or numbers in general

Alliteration

• Words starting with same letter or sound

• Cohesion and Cohesive Devices

Cohesion Definition

• How well something connects and links

Determiners

• Words preceding nouns to clarify reference

Transition Words

• Links ideas within a text

Repetition

• Repeating a word, idea or statement to emphasise information

Adverbials

• Words or phrases expressing time, place, or manner

• Parts of Speech

Noun

• Names a person, place, thing, or idea (e.g., dog, school, happiness, Maria)

Verb

• Expresses an action or state of being (e.g., run, eat, is, think)

Adverb

• Describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb, indicating how, when, where, or to what extent (e.g., quickly, very, yesterday, always)

Adjective

• Describes a noun or pronoun (e.g., beautiful, tall, blue, angry)

Conjunction

• Connects words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., and, but, because, although)

Preposition

• Shows relationship between a noun/pronoun and another word, indicating direction, place, or time (e.g., in, on, under, before)

Article

• Defines a noun as specific or unspecific (e.g., a, an, the)

Interjection

• Expresses strong emotion (e.g., Wow! Ouch! Oh no! Yay!)

Explores phrases, clauses and verbals. A phrase is a group of words lacking a subject-verb connection. A clause contains a subject and verb that work together. Verbals appear like verbs but function differently.