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Questions and Answers

What is the PHP style comment that is similar to C/C++ style comment?

  • // (correct)
  • <>
  • /*
  • #
  • What is the PHP comment that is similar to Unix Shell style comment?

  • # (correct)
  • /*
  • //
  • <>
  • What is the purpose of PHP if statement?

  • To test a condition and execute a block of code if true (correct)
  • To stop the execution of a program
  • To execute a block of code multiple times
  • To declare a variable
  • What is the syntax of PHP if statement?

    <p>if(condition) { code to be executed }</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of PHP if-else statement?

    <p>To test a condition and execute a block of code if true or false</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of PHP switch statement?

    <p>To execute one statement from multiple conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the syntax of PHP switch statement?

    <p>switch(expression) { case value1: code to be executed }</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of break statement in PHP switch statement?

    <p>To terminate the switch statement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the default block in a PHP switch statement?

    <p>To execute code when no cases are matched</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the syntax of a PHP for loop?

    <p>for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement) {}</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should we use a PHP while loop instead of a for loop?

    <p>When the number of iterations is unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a PHP nested for loop?

    <p>To execute code for each iteration of the outer loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times will the inner for loop be executed in a nested for loop if the outer loop is executed 3 times and the inner loop is executed 3 times?

    <p>9 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a PHP for each loop?

    <p>To traverse an array</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output of the PHP switch statement with a default block?

    <p>Number is equal to 20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the initialization block in a PHP for loop?

    <p>To initialize the loop counter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ways can you define an associative array in PHP?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the default representation of elements in a PHP indexed array?

    <p>Index Number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function used to count the length of a PHP indexed array?

    <p>count()</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you traverse a PHP indexed array?

    <p>Using foreach loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symbol used to associate a name/label with each array element in PHP?

    <p>=&gt;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of array can store numbers, strings or any object?

    <p>Indexed array</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for a PHP indexed array?

    <p>Numeric array</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output of the count() function when used with an indexed array?

    <p>The length of the array</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the decoct() function convert a decimal number into?

    <p>Octal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the base_convert() function?

    <p>To convert any base number to any base number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the bindec() function convert into decimal?

    <p>Binary number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the return type of the dechex() function?

    <p>String</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the dechex() function?

    <p>To convert decimal to hexadecimal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the return type of the decoct() function?

    <p>String</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the bindec() function?

    <p>To convert binary to decimal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the syntax of the base_convert() function?

    <p>string base_convert ( string $number , int $frombase , int $tobase )</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the benefits of using PHP functions?

    <p>It saves a lot of code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you declare a user-defined function in PHP?

    <p>function functionname(){ //code to be executed }</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of arguments in PHP functions?

    <p>To pass the information in the PHP function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the default passing method in PHP function arguments?

    <p>Call by Value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of parameterized functions in PHP?

    <p>To pass any number of parameters inside a function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output of a parameterized function dependent on?

    <p>The dynamic values passed as parameters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of PHP functions in terms of code organization?

    <p>It separates the programming logic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rule for naming a function in PHP?

    <p>It must start with a letter or underscore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which PHP statement is used to print a string?

    <p>echo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the return type of the PHP print statement?

    <p>int</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be printed using the PHP echo statement?

    <p>Strings, multi-line strings, escaping characters, and variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a variable in PHP?

    <p>To hold a memory location that stores data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is similar between PHP echo and PHP print?

    <p>Both are language constructs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between PHP echo and PHP print?

    <p>echo returns void, while print always returns 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can PHP print be used to print arrays?

    <p>Yes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the syntax of the PHP print statement?

    <p>int print(string $arg)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many primitive data types does PHP support?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the category of data type that includes arrays and objects?

    <p>Compound Types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of operator works on three operands?

    <p>Ternary Operator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of comments in PHP?

    <p>To describe code for other developers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many categories of operators can PHP operators be categorized into based on operands?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data type is a resource in PHP?

    <p>Special Type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many scalar data types are there in PHP?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of operator is the '+' symbol in the expression $num = 10 + 20?

    <p>Binary Operator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a PHP foreach loop?

    <p>To traverse a set of code like a while loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the syntax of a PHP while loop?

    <p>while(condition) { //code to be executed }</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nested while loop in PHP?

    <p>A loop inside another loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a PHP do-while loop?

    <p>To traverse a set of code like a while loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output of the example PHP while loop?

    <p>1 to 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times will the inner while loop be executed if the outer loop is executed 3 times and the inner loop is executed 3 times?

    <p>9 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the example output of a PHP foreach loop?

    <p>Season is: summer Season is: winter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a foreach loop in PHP?

    <p>To traverse an array or object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of PHP array() function?

    <p>To create and return an array</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of PHP array_change_key_case() function?

    <p>To change the case of all keys of an array</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PHP array_chunk() function do?

    <p>Splits an array into chunks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output of the given PHP code: array('sonoo' => 400000, 'john' => 500000, 'rahul' => 300000)?

    <p>Array ( [sonoo] =&gt; 400000 [john] =&gt; 500000 [rahul] =&gt; 300000 )</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of array is created by the PHP code: array(400000, 500000, 300000)?

    <p>Indexed array</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function used to count the length of a PHP array?

    <p>count()</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can you traverse a PHP indexed array?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symbol used to associate a name/label with each array element in PHP?

    <p>=&gt;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the default block in a PHP switch statement?

    <p>To specify the code to be executed when all cases are not matched</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the syntax of a PHP for loop?

    <p>for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement){}</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a PHP for each loop?

    <p>To traverse array elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output of the PHP for loop example?

    <p>1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the initialization block in a PHP for loop?

    <p>To specify the starting value for the loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in a PHP nested for loop?

    <p>The inner loop is executed fully for one outer loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output of the PHP nested for loop example?

    <p>11, 12, 13, 21, 22, 23, 31, 32, 33</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should a PHP while loop be used instead of a for loop?

    <p>When the number of iterations is not known</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PHP stand for?

    <p>Hypertext Preprocessor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary requirement for web development using PHP?

    <p>Basic knowledge of HTML</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the file extension used to save a PHP file?

    <p>.php</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is PHP is faster than other scripting languages?

    <p>Because it is an interpreted language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of PHP in web development?

    <p>To create dynamic websites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What software stack is recommended to install PHP?

    <p>AMP (Apache, MySQL, PHP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the category of data type that includes arrays and objects?

    <p>Non-primitive data type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of PHP in web development besides creating dynamic websites?

    <p>To handle form data and to interact with databases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between PHP echo and PHP print?

    <p>PHP echo always returns 1, while PHP print does not return a value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a variable in PHP?

    <p>To hold a memory location that stores data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be printed using the PHP print statement?

    <p>Strings, multi-line strings, escaping characters, and variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the return type of the PHP print statement?

    <p>Always returns 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are PHP functions beneficial in terms of code organization?

    <p>They allow for code reuse and modularity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is similar between PHP echo and PHP print?

    <p>They are both used for printing output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the syntax of the PHP print statement?

    <p>int print(string $arg)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can PHP print be used to print arrays?

    <p>Yes, PHP print can be used to print arrays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the return type of the strlen function?

    <p>Integer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the abs function return for a floating-point value?

    <p>Float</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ceil function?

    <p>To round fractions up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the return type of the sqrt function?

    <p>Float</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the decbin function convert a decimal number into?

    <p>Binary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the floor function?

    <p>To round fractions down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the return type of the dechex function?

    <p>String</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the sqrt function?

    <p>To return the square root of a number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the PHP strtolower() function do?

    <p>Returns string in lowercase letter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a do-while loop and a while loop in PHP?

    <p>The code is executed at least once in a do-while loop.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output of the ucfirst() function with the input 'my name is anuj'?

    <p>My name is ANUJ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the PHP strrev() function do?

    <p>Reverses the string</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the PHP break statement?

    <p>To break the execution of the inner loop only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the PHP strlen() function?

    <p>Returns length of the string</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using PHP functions?

    <p>Code Reusability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a PHP function?

    <p>To take input as an argument list and return a value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the PHP lcfirst() function do?

    <p>Converts first character into lowercase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the PHP ucwords() function?

    <p>Converts first character of each word into uppercase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the format of a PHP do-while loop?

    <p>do { code } while (condition);</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output of the strtoupper() function with the input 'my name is anuj'?

    <p>MY NAME IS ANUJ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the PHP break statement is used inside a nested loop?

    <p>The execution of the inner loop is broken.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a PHP function that allows it to be reused?

    <p>It can be defined only once and invoked many times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the PHP strtolower() function return?

    <p>String in lowercase letter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using PHP functions in terms of code organization?

    <p>It allows for code reusability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many primitive data types does PHP support?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the categories of PHP data types?

    <p>Scalar, Compound, Special</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of operator works on three operands?

    <p>Ternary Operator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of PHP comments?

    <p>To describe code and hide other code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types of comments does PHP support?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the category of data type that includes resource and NULL?

    <p>Special Type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of operator works on single operands?

    <p>Unary Operator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many categories of operators are there in PHP based on the number of operands?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of PHP multidimensional array?

    <p>To store tabular data in an array</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ways can you define an associative array in PHP?

    <p>Two ways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symbol used to associate a name/label with each array element in PHP?

    <p>=</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for a PHP indexed array?

    <p>Numeric array</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an associative array in PHP?

    <p>To store data with a key-value pair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is represented by a PHP multidimensional array?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which form is a PHP multidimensional array represented?

    <p>Row * Column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of array can store numbers, strings, or any object in PHP?

    <p>Array</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following PHP comments is similar to Unix Shell style comment?

    <h1></h1> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the PHP if-else statement?

    <p>To execute a block of code if the condition is true or false</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the PHP switch statement?

    <p>To execute one statement from multiple conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the syntax of the PHP if statement?

    <p>if(condition) { code to be executed }</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the break statement in PHP switch statement?

    <p>To stop executing the switch statement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the syntax of the PHP if-else statement?

    <p>if(condition) { code to be executed } else { code to be executed }</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the PHP multi-line comments?

    <p>To comment multiple lines of code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output of the PHP if statement if the condition is true?

    <p>The code to be executed if the condition is true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the return type of the PHP abs() function?

    <p>integer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the PHP ceil() function do?

    <p>Rounds fractions up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the PHP decbin() function?

    <p>Converts decimal to binary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the return type of the PHP sqrt() function?

    <p>float</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the PHP floor() function do?

    <p>Rounds fractions down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the PHP strlen() function?

    <p>Returns the length of a string</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the return type of the PHP dechex() function?

    <p>string</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the PHP sqrt() function return?

    <p>The square root of a given argument</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using POST request over GET request?

    <p>More secure as data is not visible in the URL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of PHP include and require constructs?

    <p>To achieve code reusability in PHP scripts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between PHP include and require?

    <p>Include allows the script to continue if the file is missing, while require halts the script</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a PHP file extension .html?

    <p>To denote an HTML file that can be included in a PHP script</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output of the PHP script if a required file is missing?

    <p>A fatal E_COMPILE_ERROR level error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using PHP include and require constructs?

    <p>Code reusability and reduced script size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of file can be included using PHP include and require constructs?

    <p>Both PHP and HTML files</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of including a file in a PHP script?

    <p>To reuse code in multiple PHP scripts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    PHP Comments

    • There are two ways to use single line comments in PHP: // (C++ style) and # (Unix Shell style)
    • PHP also supports multi-line comments, which are enclosed within /* and */

    PHP Control Statements

    • PHP if-else statement is used to test a condition and execute different blocks of code based on the condition
    • There are various ways to use if statements in PHP: if, if-else, if-else-if, and nested if
    • The syntax for an if statement is if (condition) { code to be executed }
    • The syntax for an if-else statement is if (condition) { code to be executed if true } else { code to be executed if false }
    • PHP also has a switch statement, which is used to execute one statement from multiple conditions
    • The syntax for a switch statement is switch (expression) { case value1: code to be executed; break; ... default: code to be executed if all cases are not matched; }

    PHP Loops

    • PHP has several types of loops: for, foreach, and while
    • The for loop is used to execute a block of code for a specified number of times
    • The syntax for a for loop is for (initialization; condition; increment/decrement) { code to be executed }
    • PHP also supports nested for loops
    • The foreach loop is used to traverse array elements
    • PHP has a foreach loop for arrays, which is used to traverse array elements

    PHP Functions

    • PHP allows you to declare and call user-defined functions easily
    • The syntax for declaring a user-defined function is function functionname() { code to be executed }
    • PHP functions support arguments, which are passed to the function when it is called
    • PHP supports call by value, call by reference, default argument values, and variable-length argument lists
    • PHP parameterized functions are functions with parameters

    PHP Arrays

    • PHP has two types of arrays: indexed arrays and associative arrays
    • Indexed arrays are represented by an index number, which starts from 0
    • Indexed arrays can store numbers, strings, or any object
    • Associative arrays are represented by a key-value pair
    • PHP provides the count() function, which returns the length of an array
    • You can easily traverse an array in PHP using a foreach loop

    PHP Math Functions

    • PHP has several math functions, including dechex(), decoct(), base_convert(), and bindec()
    • The dechex() function converts a decimal number to a hexadecimal number
    • The decoct() function converts a decimal number to an octal number
    • The base_convert() function converts a number from one base to another
    • The bindec() function converts a binary number to a decimal number

    PHP Echo

    • Prints a string
    • Can print multi-line strings
    • Escapes characters
    • Can print variable values

    PHP Print

    • Similar to PHP echo
    • Always returns 1
    • Syntax: int print(string $arg)
    • Can print strings, multi-line strings, escaping characters, and variables

    PHP Variables

    • A variable is a name of a memory location that holds data
    • Supports 8 primitive data types:
    • Scalar Types: boolean, integer, float, string
    • Compound Types: array, object
    • Special Types: resource, NULL

    PHP Data Types

    • Scalar Types:
      • boolean
      • integer
      • float
      • string
    • Compound Types:
      • array
      • object
    • Special Types:
      • resource
      • NULL

    PHP Operators

    • Can be categorized into:
    • Arithmetic Operators
    • Comparison Operators
    • Bitwise Operators
    • Logical Operators
    • String Operators
    • Incrementing/Decrementing Operators
    • Array Operators
    • Type Operators
    • Execution Operators
    • Error Control Operators
    • Assignment Operators
    • Can also be categorized into:
    • Unary Operators (works on single operands)
    • Binary Operators (works on two operands)
    • Ternary Operators (works on three operands)

    PHP Comments

    • Used to describe code
    • Can be single-line or multi-line
    • Helps other developers understand the code

    PHP Switch

    • Used for decision-making
    • Syntax: switch (expression) { case value: code; break; ... default: code; }

    PHP Loops

    • PHP For Loop:
      • Used to traverse a set of code for a specified number of times
      • Syntax: for (initialization; condition; increment/decrement) { code to be executed }
    • PHP Nested For Loop:
      • Used for inner or nested for loops
      • Inner for loop is executed fully for one outer for loop
    • PHP For Each Loop:
      • Used to traverse array elements
      • Syntax: foreach ($array as $var) { code to be executed }
    • PHP While Loop:
      • Used to traverse a set of code
      • Syntax: while (condition) { code to be executed }
    • PHP Nested While Loop:
      • Used for inner or nested while loops
      • Inner while loop is executed fully for one outer while loop
    • PHP Do While Loop:
      • Used to traverse a set of code like while loop
      • Syntax: do { code to be executed } while (condition)

    PHP Array Functions

    • PHP array() function:
      • Creates and returns an array
      • Allows creation of indexed, associative, and multidimensional arrays
    • PHP array_change_key_case() function:
      • Changes the case of all keys in an array
      • Syntax: array array_change_key_case ( array $array [, int $case = CASE_LOWER ] )
    • PHP array_chunk() function:
      • Splits an array into chunks
      • Divides an array into many parts

    Introduction to PHP

    • PHP stands for HyperText Preprocessor
    • It's an interpreted language, no compilation is needed
    • PHP is a server-side scripting language
    • PHP is faster than other scripting languages like ASP and JSP

    PHP Examples

    • PHP files must be saved with a .php extension
    • A simple PHP example is shown with a hello.php file
    • Output of the example: "Hello by PHP"

    Web Development

    • PHP is widely used in web development
    • Dynamic websites can be developed using PHP
    • Basic knowledge of HTML, CSS, JavaScript, AJAX, XML, and JSON is required for web development

    PHP Echo

    • echo is a language construct in PHP
    • It's used to print strings, multi-line strings, escaping characters, and variable values
    • Examples of echo usage are shown in echo1.php, echo2.php, and echo3.php files
    • Output of examples: "Hello by PHP echo", "Hello by PHP echo this is multi line text printed by PHP echo statement", and "Hello escape "sequence" characters"

    PHP Print

    • print is a language construct in PHP
    • It's used to print strings, multi-line strings, escaping characters, and variable values
    • Unlike echo, print always returns 1
    • Examples of print usage are shown in print1.php, print2.php, and print3.php files
    • Output of examples: "Hello by PHP print Hello by PHP print()", "Hello by PHP print this is multi line text printed by PHP print statement", and "Hello escape "sequence" characters by PHP print"

    PHP Variables

    • A variable in PHP is a name of memory location that holds data
    • PHP do-while loop is guaranteed to run at least once
    • Syntax of PHP do-while loop: do { //code to be executed } while (condition);

    PHP Break

    • The break statement breaks the execution of current for, while, do-while, switch, and for-each loop
    • If used inside an inner loop, it breaks the execution of the inner loop only
    • Syntax of PHP break: jump statement; break;

    PHP Functions

    • A PHP function is a piece of code that can be reused many times
    • It can take input as an argument list and return a value
    • There are thousands of built-in functions in PHP
    • Advantages of PHP functions: code reusability
    • Examples of PHP functions: strtolower(), strtoupper(), ucfirst(), lcfirst(), ucwords(), and strrev()

    PHP String Functions

    • strtolower() function returns a string in lowercase letters
    • strtoupper() function returns a string in uppercase letters
    • ucfirst() function returns a string converting the first character into uppercase
    • lcfirst() function returns a string converting the first character into lowercase
    • ucwords() function returns a string converting the first character of each word into uppercase
    • strrev() function returns a reversed string

    PHP Math

    • PHP provides many predefined math constants and functions
    • Math functions: abs(), ceil(), floor(), sqrt(), decbin(), and dechex()
    • abs() function returns the absolute value of a given number
    • ceil() function rounds fractions up
    • floor() function rounds fractions down
    • sqrt() function returns the square root of a given argument
    • decbin() function converts a decimal number into binary
    • dechex() function converts a decimal number into hexadecimal

    PHP Data Types

    • PHP supports 8 primitive data types, categorized into 3 types: Scalar, Compound, and Special.
    • Scalar types: 4 types - boolean, integer, float, and string.
    • Compound types: 2 types - array and object.
    • Special types: 2 types - resource and NULL.

    PHP Operators

    • PHP operators are symbols used to perform operations on operands.
    • Categorized into 10 forms: Arithmetic, Comparison, Bitwise, Logical, String, Incrementing/Decrementing, Array, Type, Execution, and Error Control.
    • Operators can also be categorized into 3 forms based on the number of operands: Unary, Binary, and Ternary.

    PHP Comments

    • PHP comments are used to describe code or hide code.
    • Supports single line and multi-line comments.
    • Single line comments: 2 ways to use - // (C++ style) and # (Unix Shell style).
    • Multi-line comments: enclose all lines within /* */.

    PHP Control Statements

    • PHP if-else statement: used to test conditions, with various forms - if, if-else, if-else-if, and nested if.
    • PHP switch statement: used to execute one statement from multiple conditions, similar to if-else-if statement.

    PHP Arrays

    • Associative array: a type of array that uses strings as keys.
    • Two ways to define associative array: using the array() function or by assigning each key-value pair separately.
    • PHP Multidimensional array: an array of arrays, used to store tabular data.

    PHP Math

    • PHP provides many predefined math constants and functions.
    • Math functions: abs(), ceil(), floor(), sqrt(), decbin(), and dechex().

    PHP Include File

    • PHP allows you to include files to reuse page content.
    • Two ways to include files: include and require.
    • Advantage: code reusability.
    • include vs require: include allows the script to continue if the file is missing, while require halts the script with a fatal error.

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    Learn about PHP comments and control statements, including single-line and multi-line comments, if-else statements, and more.

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