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Questions and Answers
What role do chloroplasts play in photosynthesis?
What role do chloroplasts play in photosynthesis?
- They release oxygen gas as a byproduct of respiration.
- They capture solar energy and transform it into chemical energy. (correct)
- They transport nutrients throughout the plant.
- They store glucose for respiration.
What is the waste product of photosynthesis?
What is the waste product of photosynthesis?
- Carbon dioxide
- Glucose
- Water vapor
- Oxygen gas (correct)
What is the primary function of ATP in cells?
What is the primary function of ATP in cells?
- To store glucose
- To capture sunlight
- To transport oxygen
- To provide energy for cellular work (correct)
Where does glycolysis occur within the cell?
Where does glycolysis occur within the cell?
What process captures energy from electrons during photosynthesis?
What process captures energy from electrons during photosynthesis?
What type of gradient is formed inside the thylakoids during photosynthesis?
What type of gradient is formed inside the thylakoids during photosynthesis?
In which part of the mitochondrion does the Krebs cycle occur?
In which part of the mitochondrion does the Krebs cycle occur?
What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?
What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?
Why is glucose considered a quick source of energy?
Why is glucose considered a quick source of energy?
Which molecule is formed when hydrogen ions bond to NADP+?
Which molecule is formed when hydrogen ions bond to NADP+?
What is oxygen described as in the context of photosynthesis?
What is oxygen described as in the context of photosynthesis?
What initiates the light reactions in photosynthesis?
What initiates the light reactions in photosynthesis?
What happens to electrons when light strikes chlorophyll?
What happens to electrons when light strikes chlorophyll?
What is the process of breaking down water molecules during photosynthesis called?
What is the process of breaking down water molecules during photosynthesis called?
What do high-energy electrons do after leaving chlorophyll?
What do high-energy electrons do after leaving chlorophyll?
What element do the electrons released from chlorophyll need to be replaced by?
What element do the electrons released from chlorophyll need to be replaced by?
What percentage of sunlight that reaches Earth's surface participates in photosynthesis?
What percentage of sunlight that reaches Earth's surface participates in photosynthesis?
Which type of organism uses chloroplasts from algae to aid in photosynthesis?
Which type of organism uses chloroplasts from algae to aid in photosynthesis?
During photosynthesis, light energy is primarily converted into which form of energy?
During photosynthesis, light energy is primarily converted into which form of energy?
What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?
What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is responsible for supplying most of the oxygen in our atmosphere.
Photosynthesis is responsible for supplying most of the oxygen in our atmosphere.
The Krebs cycle occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
The Krebs cycle occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
NADPH is sometimes referred to as 'hot hydrogen' because of its energy storage capability.
NADPH is sometimes referred to as 'hot hydrogen' because of its energy storage capability.
Glycolysis requires oxygen to occur.
Glycolysis requires oxygen to occur.
The process of cellular respiration releases the energy stored in glucose.
The process of cellular respiration releases the energy stored in glucose.
Oxygen is a waste product of the light reactions of photosynthesis.
Oxygen is a waste product of the light reactions of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis only occurs during the night.
Photosynthesis only occurs during the night.
The process of photolysis involves the splitting of water molecules.
The process of photolysis involves the splitting of water molecules.
Only 10% of the light energy that reaches Earth's surface is used in photosynthesis.
Only 10% of the light energy that reaches Earth's surface is used in photosynthesis.
Excited electrons are released from chlorophyll when it absorbs light energy.
Excited electrons are released from chlorophyll when it absorbs light energy.
Match the process with its description in photosynthesis:
Match the process with its description in photosynthesis:
Match the term with its associated scientific concept:
Match the term with its associated scientific concept:
Match the component of photosynthesis with its role:
Match the component of photosynthesis with its role:
Match the type of reaction with its occurrence:
Match the type of reaction with its occurrence:
Match the term with its definition:
Match the term with its definition:
Match the stages of cellular respiration with their descriptions:
Match the stages of cellular respiration with their descriptions:
Match the components of photosynthesis with their functions:
Match the components of photosynthesis with their functions:
Match the processes with their energy transformations:
Match the processes with their energy transformations:
Match the terms related to oxygen and energy production:
Match the terms related to oxygen and energy production:
Match the compounds with their roles in energy storage:
Match the compounds with their roles in energy storage:
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis
- Oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis, particularly from the light reactions, providing essential oxygen for life.
- Photosynthesis comprises two main stages: light reactions (light-dependent) and the Calvin cycle (light-independent).
Light Reactions
- Occur in chloroplasts, capturing sunlight energy to initiate photosynthesis.
- The sun fuses over 600 million tons of hydrogen into helium every second, generating light and heat energy.
- Approximately 1% of solar energy reaches Earth's surface, driving photosynthesis.
- Light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll, creating high-energy electrons necessary for further reactions.
- Water molecules are split (photolysis) to replenish chlorophyll’s lost electrons, producing hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen gas.
Oxygen Production
- Oxygen, formed as a waste product during photosynthesis, contributes most of the atmosphere's oxygen.
- Prior to photosynthesis, Earth's atmosphere lacked oxygen, making it toxic for many organisms.
Energy Transformation
- Excited electrons are unstable; organized electron carrier molecules guide them through electron transport chains (ETCs).
- Energy from electron transfers is captured and transformed into chemical energy.
- Hydrogen ions (H+) created during electron transport generate a chemiosmotic gradient, storing potential energy.
ATP and NADPH Formation
- As hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase, they convert ADP to ATP, storing energy.
- Light rejuvenates electrons for a second ETC, forming NADPH, a key energy storage molecule for the synthesis of sugars.
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to release energy stored during photosynthesis, converting it into ATP.
- The overall cellular respiration equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.
Stages of Cellular Respiration
- Divided into three stages: glycolysis (cytoplasm, anaerobic), Krebs cycle (matrix of mitochondria, aerobic), and electron transport (inner mitochondrial membrane, aerobic).
Role of Mitochondria
- Mitochondrial structure is crucial for aerobic respiration; it has an inner and outer membrane, creating distinct compartments.
- Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix while electron transport occurs on the inner membrane.
Additional Information
- Glucose is a quick energy source as it is readily absorbed; complex carbohydrates must first be converted to glucose for energy utilization.
- Elysia chlorotica can perform photosynthesis by incorporating chloroplasts from algae, showcasing a unique adaptation in capturing solar energy.
Photosynthesis
- Oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis, particularly from the light reactions, providing essential oxygen for life.
- Photosynthesis comprises two main stages: light reactions (light-dependent) and the Calvin cycle (light-independent).
Light Reactions
- Occur in chloroplasts, capturing sunlight energy to initiate photosynthesis.
- The sun fuses over 600 million tons of hydrogen into helium every second, generating light and heat energy.
- Approximately 1% of solar energy reaches Earth's surface, driving photosynthesis.
- Light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll, creating high-energy electrons necessary for further reactions.
- Water molecules are split (photolysis) to replenish chlorophyll’s lost electrons, producing hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen gas.
Oxygen Production
- Oxygen, formed as a waste product during photosynthesis, contributes most of the atmosphere's oxygen.
- Prior to photosynthesis, Earth's atmosphere lacked oxygen, making it toxic for many organisms.
Energy Transformation
- Excited electrons are unstable; organized electron carrier molecules guide them through electron transport chains (ETCs).
- Energy from electron transfers is captured and transformed into chemical energy.
- Hydrogen ions (H+) created during electron transport generate a chemiosmotic gradient, storing potential energy.
ATP and NADPH Formation
- As hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase, they convert ADP to ATP, storing energy.
- Light rejuvenates electrons for a second ETC, forming NADPH, a key energy storage molecule for the synthesis of sugars.
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to release energy stored during photosynthesis, converting it into ATP.
- The overall cellular respiration equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.
Stages of Cellular Respiration
- Divided into three stages: glycolysis (cytoplasm, anaerobic), Krebs cycle (matrix of mitochondria, aerobic), and electron transport (inner mitochondrial membrane, aerobic).
Role of Mitochondria
- Mitochondrial structure is crucial for aerobic respiration; it has an inner and outer membrane, creating distinct compartments.
- Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix while electron transport occurs on the inner membrane.
Additional Information
- Glucose is a quick energy source as it is readily absorbed; complex carbohydrates must first be converted to glucose for energy utilization.
- Elysia chlorotica can perform photosynthesis by incorporating chloroplasts from algae, showcasing a unique adaptation in capturing solar energy.
Photosynthesis
- Oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis, particularly from the light reactions, providing essential oxygen for life.
- Photosynthesis comprises two main stages: light reactions (light-dependent) and the Calvin cycle (light-independent).
Light Reactions
- Occur in chloroplasts, capturing sunlight energy to initiate photosynthesis.
- The sun fuses over 600 million tons of hydrogen into helium every second, generating light and heat energy.
- Approximately 1% of solar energy reaches Earth's surface, driving photosynthesis.
- Light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll, creating high-energy electrons necessary for further reactions.
- Water molecules are split (photolysis) to replenish chlorophyll’s lost electrons, producing hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen gas.
Oxygen Production
- Oxygen, formed as a waste product during photosynthesis, contributes most of the atmosphere's oxygen.
- Prior to photosynthesis, Earth's atmosphere lacked oxygen, making it toxic for many organisms.
Energy Transformation
- Excited electrons are unstable; organized electron carrier molecules guide them through electron transport chains (ETCs).
- Energy from electron transfers is captured and transformed into chemical energy.
- Hydrogen ions (H+) created during electron transport generate a chemiosmotic gradient, storing potential energy.
ATP and NADPH Formation
- As hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase, they convert ADP to ATP, storing energy.
- Light rejuvenates electrons for a second ETC, forming NADPH, a key energy storage molecule for the synthesis of sugars.
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to release energy stored during photosynthesis, converting it into ATP.
- The overall cellular respiration equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.
Stages of Cellular Respiration
- Divided into three stages: glycolysis (cytoplasm, anaerobic), Krebs cycle (matrix of mitochondria, aerobic), and electron transport (inner mitochondrial membrane, aerobic).
Role of Mitochondria
- Mitochondrial structure is crucial for aerobic respiration; it has an inner and outer membrane, creating distinct compartments.
- Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix while electron transport occurs on the inner membrane.
Additional Information
- Glucose is a quick energy source as it is readily absorbed; complex carbohydrates must first be converted to glucose for energy utilization.
- Elysia chlorotica can perform photosynthesis by incorporating chloroplasts from algae, showcasing a unique adaptation in capturing solar energy.
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