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Questions and Answers
Which process provides biosynthetic intermediates for anabolism?
Which process provides biosynthetic intermediates for anabolism?
- Respiratory electron transport chain
- ATP synthase
- Citric acid cycle (correct)
- Glycolysis
Which sub-process of aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane?
Which sub-process of aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane?
- Glycolysis
- Respiratory electron transport chain (correct)
- Citric acid cycle
- ATP synthase
Which organic molecules provide the main source of ATP in the form of glucose sugar?
Which organic molecules provide the main source of ATP in the form of glucose sugar?
- Adenosine triphosphate
- Carbohydrates (correct)
- Lipids
- Proteins
What is the chemical equation for the catabolism of glucose in aerobic cellular respiration?
What is the chemical equation for the catabolism of glucose in aerobic cellular respiration?
Which type of bonds in organic molecules represent chemical potential energy in glucose?
Which type of bonds in organic molecules represent chemical potential energy in glucose?
Where does glycolysis occur in animal cells?
Where does glycolysis occur in animal cells?
What is the ultimate goal of photosynthesis?
What is the ultimate goal of photosynthesis?
What is the main reason for the green color of leaves?
What is the main reason for the green color of leaves?
What is the source of electrons in photosynthesis?
What is the source of electrons in photosynthesis?
What is the function of photosystems in photosynthesis?
What is the function of photosystems in photosynthesis?
What happens to an electron when a photon is absorbed by a photosynthetic pigment?
What happens to an electron when a photon is absorbed by a photosynthetic pigment?
What is the role of carotenoids in the thylakoid membrane?
What is the role of carotenoids in the thylakoid membrane?
What is the major mechanism for ATP regeneration in the presence of O2 in aerobic cellular respiration?
What is the major mechanism for ATP regeneration in the presence of O2 in aerobic cellular respiration?
What is the waste product of glucose catabolism in aerobic cellular respiration?
What is the waste product of glucose catabolism in aerobic cellular respiration?
Where does the linker reaction take place in aerobic cellular respiration?
Where does the linker reaction take place in aerobic cellular respiration?
Which compounds act as electron acceptors/carriers in aerobic cellular respiration?
Which compounds act as electron acceptors/carriers in aerobic cellular respiration?
What contributes to the generation of Δ[H+] across the mitochondrial inner membrane in aerobic cellular respiration?
What contributes to the generation of Δ[H+] across the mitochondrial inner membrane in aerobic cellular respiration?
Which process directly transfers a phosphate group to ADP for ATP regeneration in aerobic cellular respiration?
Which process directly transfers a phosphate group to ADP for ATP regeneration in aerobic cellular respiration?
What is responsible for converting the chemical potential energy of NADH and FADH2 into the chemical potential energy of a $\Delta[H^+]$?
What is responsible for converting the chemical potential energy of NADH and FADH2 into the chemical potential energy of a $\Delta[H^+]$?
What is the majority source of chemical potential energy (CPE) in aerobic cellular respiration?
What is the majority source of chemical potential energy (CPE) in aerobic cellular respiration?
In the absence of oxygen, what process regenerates ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation and specialized biochemical mechanisms to regenerate NAD+ from NADH?
In the absence of oxygen, what process regenerates ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation and specialized biochemical mechanisms to regenerate NAD+ from NADH?
Where does the respiratory electron transport chain (RS ETC) pump H+ against a concentration gradient?
Where does the respiratory electron transport chain (RS ETC) pump H+ against a concentration gradient?
What is responsible for the majority of ATP regeneration, producing around 28 ATP per glucose?
What is responsible for the majority of ATP regeneration, producing around 28 ATP per glucose?
What happens to the citric acid cycle in the absence of oxygen?
What happens to the citric acid cycle in the absence of oxygen?
What is the primary role of chlorophyll a in photosynthesis?
What is the primary role of chlorophyll a in photosynthesis?
Where does the Calvin cycle take place in photosynthetic cells?
Where does the Calvin cycle take place in photosynthetic cells?
What is the primary function of light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?
Which molecules provide the electrons for the reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates in photosynthesis?
Which molecules provide the electrons for the reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates in photosynthesis?
Where are photosynthetic cells primarily located in plants?
Where are photosynthetic cells primarily located in plants?
What is the ultimate source of energy for heterotrophs?
What is the ultimate source of energy for heterotrophs?
Explain the two major functions of aerobic cellular respiration and its importance in cellular work.
Explain the two major functions of aerobic cellular respiration and its importance in cellular work.
What are the four sub-processes involved in aerobic cellular respiration and where do they occur?
What are the four sub-processes involved in aerobic cellular respiration and where do they occur?
How does aerobic cellular respiration allow a cell to access the chemical potential energy of glucose?
How does aerobic cellular respiration allow a cell to access the chemical potential energy of glucose?
What are the main organic molecules that represent the chemical potential energy in aerobic cellular respiration?
What are the main organic molecules that represent the chemical potential energy in aerobic cellular respiration?
Where is the chemical potential energy of organic molecules transformed into the chemical potential energy of ATP in aerobic cellular respiration?
Where is the chemical potential energy of organic molecules transformed into the chemical potential energy of ATP in aerobic cellular respiration?
What are the two major functions of ATP in cellular work, and how is ATP continually regenerated in cells?
What are the two major functions of ATP in cellular work, and how is ATP continually regenerated in cells?
Explain the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs in terms of organic molecule production.
Explain the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs in terms of organic molecule production.
Describe the role of water in the process of photosynthesis.
Describe the role of water in the process of photosynthesis.
What are the two stages of photosynthesis and where do they occur?
What are the two stages of photosynthesis and where do they occur?
Explain the primary function of light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis.
Explain the primary function of light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis.
What is the chemical equation for the overall process of photosynthesis?
What is the chemical equation for the overall process of photosynthesis?
Where are photosynthetic cells primarily located in plants?
Where are photosynthetic cells primarily located in plants?
What is the role of the respiratory electron transport chain (RS ETC) in aerobic cellular respiration?
What is the role of the respiratory electron transport chain (RS ETC) in aerobic cellular respiration?
What is the main process responsible for the majority of ATP regeneration in aerobic cellular respiration?
What is the main process responsible for the majority of ATP regeneration in aerobic cellular respiration?
What is the difference between aerobic cellular respiration and fermentation in terms of ATP regeneration?
What is the difference between aerobic cellular respiration and fermentation in terms of ATP regeneration?
What is the fate of the citric acid cycle in the absence of oxygen?
What is the fate of the citric acid cycle in the absence of oxygen?
How does aerobic cellular respiration utilize sources other than glucose for energy production?
How does aerobic cellular respiration utilize sources other than glucose for energy production?
What is the waste product of photosynthesis?
What is the waste product of photosynthesis?
Explain the role of high energy electrons (HEE) in ATP regeneration during aerobic cellular respiration (ACR).
Explain the role of high energy electrons (HEE) in ATP regeneration during aerobic cellular respiration (ACR).
Describe the two mechanisms for ATP regeneration in aerobic cellular respiration (ACR).
Describe the two mechanisms for ATP regeneration in aerobic cellular respiration (ACR).
What are the functions of NAD and FAD in aerobic cellular respiration (ACR)?
What are the functions of NAD and FAD in aerobic cellular respiration (ACR)?
Explain the significance of H+ ions in oxidative phosphorylation during aerobic cellular respiration (ACR).
Explain the significance of H+ ions in oxidative phosphorylation during aerobic cellular respiration (ACR).
List the four sub-processes of aerobic cellular respiration (ACR) and their respective cellular compartments.
List the four sub-processes of aerobic cellular respiration (ACR) and their respective cellular compartments.
Explain the role of pyruvate in aerobic cellular respiration (ACR).
Explain the role of pyruvate in aerobic cellular respiration (ACR).
Explain the process of photon absorption in photosynthesis and how the excited state energy is utilized to perform work.
Explain the process of photon absorption in photosynthesis and how the excited state energy is utilized to perform work.
Describe the role of chlorophyll and carotenoids in the thylakoid membrane during photosynthesis.
Describe the role of chlorophyll and carotenoids in the thylakoid membrane during photosynthesis.
What is the ultimate goal of photosynthesis and how is it achieved?
What is the ultimate goal of photosynthesis and how is it achieved?
Explain the process of energy transfer within photosystems and the role of reaction centre chlorophyll (Rchl).
Explain the process of energy transfer within photosystems and the role of reaction centre chlorophyll (Rchl).
Describe the structure and function of the light harvesting-complex and the reaction centre complex in photosystems.
Describe the structure and function of the light harvesting-complex and the reaction centre complex in photosystems.
Explain the significance of the excited state energy of chlorophyll and carotenoids in the context of photosynthesis.
Explain the significance of the excited state energy of chlorophyll and carotenoids in the context of photosynthesis.
Study Notes
Photosynthesis and Its Processes
- Autotrophs can produce their own organic molecules, while heterotrophs rely on external sources.
- Photoautotrophs use light energy and inorganic molecules to produce organic molecules.
- Heterotrophs rely on organic matter produced by photoautotrophs, ultimately deriving energy from photosynthesis.
- The primary producer in ecosystems is photosynthetic, providing energy for trophic levels.
- Light-dependent photosynthesis involves the conversion of CO2 to organic molecules using high-energy electrons.
- Chlorophyll a is present in all organisms that perform plant-type photosynthesis.
- Photosynthesis occurs in two stages: light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle.
- Light-dependent reactions use light energy to create ATP and NADPH in the thylakoid membrane.
- The Calvin cycle, in the stroma, uses ATP and NADPH to produce GA3P from CO2.
- Photosynthesis is a reductive process that consumes CO2 and produces oxygen.
- Water provides the electrons for the reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates in photosynthesis.
- Photosynthetic cells, containing chloroplasts, are primarily located in the mesophyll cells of leaves.
Aerobic Cellular Respiration and ATP Regeneration
- High energy electrons (HEE) are used for ATP regeneration by removing them from C-H and C-C bonds through oxidation
- CO2 is a waste product of glucose catabolism in aerobic cellular respiration (ACR) as it has zero CPE
- Two mechanisms for ATP regeneration in ACR are substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
- Substrate-level phosphorylation directly transfers a phosphate group to ADP, regenerating ATP, but is less efficient in the presence of O2
- Oxidative phosphorylation, dependent on the extraction and donation of high energy electrons from C-H and C-C bonds, is the major mechanism for ATP regeneration in the presence of O2
- NAD and FAD are electron acceptors/carriers in ACR, representing CPE and can be oxidized to release high energy electrons
- C-H and C-C bonds are oxidized, leading to the loss of electrons, while NAD+ and FAD are reduced by gaining electrons
- Compounds that can be combusted in the presence of O2 have high energy electrons, and ACR is a stepwise combustion of glucose
- In addition to electrons, H+ ions play a central role in oxidative phosphorylation, contributing to the generation of Δ[H+] across the mitochondrial inner membrane
- There are four sub-processes in ACR: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, respiratory electron transport chain, and ATP synthase, all taking place in different cellular compartments
- The mitochondrion is the site of the linker reaction, citric acid cycle, respiratory electron transport chain, and ATP synthase in ACR
- Pyruvate, a product of glycolysis, is utilized in the linker reaction in the mitochondrial matrix, generating NADH, acetyl CoA, and CO2
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Description
Test your knowledge of photosynthesis and its processes with this quiz. Explore the key concepts of autotrophs, photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, light-dependent reactions, the Calvin cycle, chlorophyll, and the role of water and CO2 in the process.
