Photosynthesis Quiz

<p>$C6H12O6 + 6O2 \rightarrow 6CO2 + 6H2O$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C-C bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce carbohydrates using the energy from photons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorophyll a and b do not absorb green light very well</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To harvest light and funnel absorbed photons to a reaction center chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The electron moves to a higher energy orbital</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To absorb photons for use in photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidative phosphorylation, dependent on the extraction and donation of high energy electrons from C-H and C-C bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondrial matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NAD and FAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>H+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substrate-level phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The respiratory electron transport chain (RS ETC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10 NADH produced during the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Across the mitochondrial inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shuts down as it needs NAD+ and FAD, which come from RS ETC activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorbing light energy for the conversion of CO2 to organic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creating ATP and NADPH using light energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mesophyll cells of leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organic matter produced by photoautotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two major functions of aerobic cellular respiration are to provide biosynthetic intermediates for anabolism and to regenerate ATP. It is important for cellular work such as transport work, anabolism, and mechanical work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four sub-processes in aerobic cellular respiration are: 1) glycolysis - cytosolic in animals, 2) citric acid cycle (Kreb’s cycle/TCA cycle) - mitochondrial matrix, 3) respiratory electron transport chain - mitochondrial inner membrane, and 4) ATP synthase - mitochondrial inner membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aerobic cellular respiration catabolizes glucose to access its chemical potential energy, which is then used to regenerate ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins represent the main organic molecules that provide the chemical potential energy for ATP regeneration in aerobic cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The chemical potential energy of organic molecules is transformed into the chemical potential energy of ATP in the process of aerobic cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP functions to provide energy for cellular work, including transport work, anabolism, and mechanical work. ATP is continually regenerated through the process of aerobic cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autotrophs can produce their own organic molecules, while heterotrophs rely on external sources for organic molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water provides the electrons for the reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates in photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photosynthesis occurs in two stages: light-dependent reactions in the thylakoid membrane and the Calvin cycle in the stroma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Light-dependent reactions use light energy to create ATP and NADPH, which are used in the Calvin cycle to produce organic molecules from CO2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy $\rightarrow$ C6H12O6 + 6O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photosynthetic cells, containing chloroplasts, are primarily located in the mesophyll cells of leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The RS ETC is responsible for converting the chemical potential energy of NADH and FADH$_2$ into the chemical potential energy of a $\Delta[H^+]$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidative phosphorylation, composed of the electric transport chain and ATP synthase, is responsible for the majority of ATP regeneration, producing around 28 ATP per glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aerobic cellular respiration regenerates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, while fermentation regenerates ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation and specialized biochemical mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The citric acid cycle shuts down in the absence of oxygen, as it needs NAD$^+$ and FAD, which come from RS ETC activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACR can also oxidize C-H and C-C bonds from sources other than glucose, such as fatty acids from fats, which feed into ACR at different points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen is generated as a waste product of photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High energy electrons are removed from C-H and C-C bonds through oxidation and are used to regenerate ATP in ACR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two mechanisms for ATP regeneration in ACR are substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NAD and FAD act as electron acceptors/carriers, representing chemical potential energy (CPE), and can be oxidized to release high energy electrons in ACR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>H+ ions play a central role in oxidative phosphorylation, contributing to the generation of $\Delta[H^+]$ across the mitochondrial inner membrane in ACR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four sub-processes of ACR are glycolysis (cytosol), citric acid cycle (mitochondrial matrix), respiratory electron transport chain (inner mitochondrial membrane), and ATP synthase (inner mitochondrial membrane).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyruvate, a product of glycolysis, is utilized in the linker reaction in the mitochondrial matrix, generating NADH, acetyl CoA, and CO2 in ACR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When a photon is absorbed by a photosynthetic pigment, it elevates an electron to an excited state. This excited state energy is then used to perform work, such as transferring the energy to an adjacent pigment, ultimately leading to the conversion of low energy electrons to high energy electrons. This energy transfer process is the basis for initiating photosynthesis and is crucial for the production of carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorophyll and carotenoids are hydrophobic organic pigments found in the thylakoid membrane. They function as photosynthetic pigments that absorb photons for use in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll a and b, along with β-carotene, are responsible for the green color of leaves and the orange color in carrots, respectively. These pigments are organized into photosystems, where they play a crucial role in light harvesting and energy transfer within the thylakoids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ultimate goal of photosynthesis is to produce carbohydrates, which store the energy represented by photons. This process is achieved by utilizing the energy from absorbed photons to convert low energy electrons from water to high energy electrons, ultimately leading to the production of carbohydrates. The energy transfer between pigments in the thylakoids and the functioning of photosystems are crucial for achieving this goal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Within photosystems, energy transfer occurs as a result of regular chlorophyll molecules funneling energy to the reaction centre chlorophyll. The energy is then used at the reaction centre chlorophyll to convert low energy electrons to high energy electrons, which enter the photosystem electron transport chain. The reaction centre chlorophyll plays a central role in the convergence of all energy transfers in photosystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The light harvesting-complex consists of a large number of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments packed tightly together, and its primary function is to absorb photons and funnel the absorbed energy to the reaction centre chlorophyll. On the other hand, the reaction centre complex contains some chlorophyll and carotenoids, along with electron carriers and various proteins. It serves as the site where the energy from the absorbed photons is utilized to convert low energy electrons to high energy electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The excited state energy of chlorophyll and carotenoids represents the energy of a photon excited state, which is essential for initiating photosynthesis and performing work. This excited state energy is utilized to transfer energy between pigments, ultimately leading to the conversion of low energy electrons to high energy electrons, and subsequently, the production of carbohydrates. The efficient utilization of this excited state energy is crucial for the overall process of photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers