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Questions and Answers
Which of these options are correct regarding photosynthesis? (Select all that apply)
Which of these options are correct regarding photosynthesis? (Select all that apply)
Photosynthesis occurs in the dark.
Photosynthesis occurs in the dark.
False
What is the primary product of photosynthesis?
What is the primary product of photosynthesis?
Glucose
The process of converting sunlight into chemical energy is known as ______.
The process of converting sunlight into chemical energy is known as ______.
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Match the following components with their roles in photosynthesis:
Match the following components with their roles in photosynthesis:
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ما هو تعريف علم الأجنة؟
ما هو تعريف علم الأجنة؟
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ما هي أنواع الخلايا الجنسية؟
ما هي أنواع الخلايا الجنسية؟
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ما هو مكان حدوث تكوين الحيوانات المنوية؟
ما هو مكان حدوث تكوين الحيوانات المنوية؟
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ما هي مراحل تكوين الحيوانات المنوية؟
ما هي مراحل تكوين الحيوانات المنوية؟
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تبدأ الحيوانات المنوية من ______ وتتحول إلى ______.
تبدأ الحيوانات المنوية من ______ وتتحول إلى ______.
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ما هو مفهوم علم الأجنة؟
ما هو مفهوم علم الأجنة؟
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ما هو تعريف تكوين العوامل الوراثية (Gametogenesis)؟
ما هو تعريف تكوين العوامل الوراثية (Gametogenesis)؟
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ما هي الأعضاء التناسلية الذكرية؟ (اختر جميع ما ينطبق)
ما هي الأعضاء التناسلية الذكرية؟ (اختر جميع ما ينطبق)
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الانقسام الخلوي الذي يؤدي إلى خلايا ابنة متطابقة جينياً هو _____
الانقسام الخلوي الذي يؤدي إلى خلايا ابنة متطابقة جينياً هو _____
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ما هي عملية تكوين الحيوان المنوي (Spermatogenesis)؟
ما هي عملية تكوين الحيوان المنوي (Spermatogenesis)؟
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تحدث عملية تكوين الحيوانات المنوية في الأنابيب المنوية للخُصي.
تحدث عملية تكوين الحيوانات المنوية في الأنابيب المنوية للخُصي.
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طابق بين أنواع الانقسام الخلوي ونتائجها:
طابق بين أنواع الانقسام الخلوي ونتائجها:
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ما هي مكونات السائل المنوي؟
ما هي مكونات السائل المنوي؟
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ما هو عدد الحيوانات المنوية الطبيعية في كل قذفة؟
ما هو عدد الحيوانات المنوية الطبيعية في كل قذفة؟
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis does not occur only in the dark.
- Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
- The primary product of photosynthesis is glucose, a type of sugar.
- The process of converting sunlight into chemical energy is known as photophosphorylation.
- During photophosphorylation, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, a pigment in the chloroplasts, and used to create ATP and NADPH.
- ATP and NADPH are used to power the Calvin cycle, which is the next stage of photosynthesis and converts carbon dioxide into glucose.
Components of Photosynthesis
- Chlorophyll - Absorbs light energy.
- Water - Provides electrons and hydrogen ions.
- Carbon dioxide - Source of carbon for glucose synthesis.
- Sunlight - Provides the energy to drive the reactions.
- ATP - Energy currency of the cell.
- NADPH - Electron carrier used to reduce carbon dioxide.
Definition of Embryology
- The study of prenatal development and mechanisms of human development
Gametogenesis
- The production of gametes (sex cells) through cell division in the primary sex organs
Male Genital System
- Primary Sex Organ: Testis - responsible for sperm production
-
Secondary Sex Organs: Structures responsible for transporting and nourishing sperm including:
- Epididymis
- Vas Deferens
- Ejaculatory Duct
- Urethra
- External Genitalia: Penis and scrotum
-
Ducts:
- Epididymis: stores and matures sperm
- Vas deferens: transports sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
- Ejaculatory duct: carries sperm from vas deferens to urethra
- Urethra: carries sperm and urine out of the body
-
Glands:
- Prostate: secretes fluid that helps nourish sperm
- Seminal vesicle: secretes a fluid that helps activate sperm
- Bulbourethral glands: secrete a fluid that lubricates the urethra
Female Genital System
- Primary Sex Organ: Ovary - responsible for egg production (ova)
-
Secondary Sex Organs: Structures responsible for fertilization, gestation and delivery of offspring including:
- Fallopian tube
- Uterus
- Vagina
- External Genitalia: Vulva, clitoris, labia majora and minora
-
Ducts:
- Fallopian Tube (oviduct): carries egg from ovary to uterus
- Uterus: site of implantation of fertilized egg
- Vagina: birth canal
-
Glands:
- Bartholin’s glands: secrete mucus to lubricate the vaginal opening
Gametogenesis
- Definition: The formation of gametes (sex cells) through cell division.
Cell Division
- Interphase: The resting phase of the cell where DNA replication occurs
-
Mitosis: A type of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells. Each cell contains the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
- Phases of Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
-
Meiosis: A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells (haploid gametes) with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
- Meiosis I: The first meiotic division results in two daughter cells, each containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. These chromosomes are still double-stranded (contain two chromatids).
- Meiosis II: The second meiotic division results in four daughter cells each containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. These chromosomes are now single-stranded (containing a single chromatid).
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
| Mitosis | Meiosis |
|---|---|
| Results in 2 daughter cells, identical in number and type of chromosomes as the parent cell | Results in 4 daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell |
| Daughter cells are diploid (2N) | Daughter cells are haploid (N) |
Male Gametogenesis (Spermatogenesis)
- Definition: The process of transforming spermatogonia (diploid sperm cells) into spermatozoa (mature haploid sperm) through cell division.
- Location: Seminiferous tubules of the testes
- Onset: Puberty (13-16 years old)
- Duration: Approximately 60 days
-
Stages:
- Proliferation: Spermatogonia (diploid) undergo mitosis to create more spermatogonia.
- Growth: Spermatogonia increase in size and become primary spermatocytes.
-
Maturation: Meiosis occurs, leading to the formation of spermatids.
- Meiosis I: Primary spermatocytes (46 chromosomes; double-stranded) undergo meiosis I to produce two secondary spermatocytes (23 chromosomes; double-stranded).
- Meiosis II: Secondary spermatocytes (23 chromosomes) undergo meiosis II to produce four spermatids (23 chromosomes).
- Transformation (Spermiogenesis): Spermatids are morphologically transformed into spermatozoa (mature sperm).
Spermiogenesis (Transformation) Process
- Nucleus: Condenses, forms the main part of sperm head
- Golgi Apparatus: covers the anterior 2/3 of the nucleus forming the acrosomal cap.
- Centrioles: Elongate and move to the opposite side of the nucleus, forming the tail.
- Mitochondria: Form a sheath surrounding the midpiece which is responsible for energy production.
Sperm Structure
- Length: Roughly 60 micrometers.
-
Parts:
- Head: Contains the nucleus and the acrosome.
- Neck: Connects head to midpiece
-
Tail (longest part):
- Midpiece: Contains mitochondria and the axial filament
- Principle Piece: Tail that helps propel sperm
- Terminal Piece: Tip of the tail
Structure of a Healthy Sperm
| Part | Description |
|---|---|
| Head | Contains the nucleus and the acrosome. |
| Midpiece | Contains mitochondria and the axial filament to propel sperm. |
| Tail | Propels the sperm. |
| Acrosome | A cap covering the head, contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg. |
Semen (Ejaculate)
-
Components:
- Sperm
- Secretions from seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands.
- Volume: 1.5 to 5 ml
- Sperm Count: Approximately 600 million sperm per ejaculate (100 million sperm per ml).
Normal Values for Sperm Testing
| Test | Normal Range |
|---|---|
| Volume | 1.5 - 5.0 mL |
| Sperm Count | ≥39 million |
| Sperm Concentration | ≥15 million/mL |
| Total Motility | ≥40% |
| Progressive Motility | ≥32% |
| Morphology | ≥4% |
| Leukocyte (WBC) count | < 1 million |
| Vitality | ≥58% |
| pH | 7.2-7.8 |
Abnormal Sperm Shapes
- Normal: The head of the sperm is oval-shaped, acrosome is on the anterior 2/3 side of the head, the midpiece is in the center
- Giant: Large head
- Micro: Small head
- Double Head: Two heads
- Double Body: Two midpieces
- Long Head: Elongated head
- Rough Head: Head is uneven
- Abnormal Neck: Abnormal attachment between the head and tail
- Tail Defect: Abnormality in the tail
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Description
Test your knowledge about photosynthesis with this engaging quiz. Discover how sunlight transforms into chemical energy and learn about the essential components involved in this vital process. Select the correct answers and match the roles of various aspects of photosynthesis.
