Photosynthesis Quiz

• Eukaryotes are classified into kingdoms, with the animal kingdom being one such classification.

How Animal Cells Produce ATP

• ATP production involves respiration or cell respiration.
• Energy for ATP is released from glucose, lipids, or organic compounds.
• Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen.
• Lactate is a product when anaerobic respiration occurs.
• Aerobic respiration requires oxygen.
• Carbon dioxide and water are produced in aerobic respiration.
• Mitochondria are used for aerobic respiration.
• Aerobic respiration yields more ATP compared to anaerobic respiration.

How plants affect CO2 in the atmosphere

• Plants reduce carbon dioxide through photosynthesis.
• Carbon dioxide is fixed or converted into organic substances or sugars.
• Plants release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere through respiration.
• Plant decomposition may release CO2.
• Carbon in dead plants is trapped or stored in fossil fuels or peat.
• Combustion that involves plants, wood, and fossil fuels increases the amount of carbon dioxide.

How Leaf Cells Use Light Energy

• Leaf cells contain Chloroplasts
• Chlorophyll in chloroplasts absorbs light.
• Other pigments in leaf cells can absorb varying wavelengths of light.
• Light energy is used in photosynthesis.
• Light combines water and carbon dioxide to fix carbon dioxide.
• Carbon compounds, organic compounds, glucose, starch, or carbohydrates are produced.
• Blue and red light are absorbed.
• Photolysis is performed, this can split water molecules to preform photosynthesis.

Anaerobic Respiration in Humans and Yeast

• Anaerobic respiration produces a small amount of ATP from glucose for both humans and yeast.
• Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen.
• Yeast produces ethanol and carbon dioxide through alcoholic fermentation for anaerobic respiration.
• Humans produce lactate or lactic acid through lactic acid fermentation for anaerobic respiration in muscle.
• Both humans and yeast undergo glycolysis in anaerobic respiration.

Photosynthesis vs. Respiration

• Both have membrane-bound organelles adapted to their functions.
• Both use electrons transferred between carriers on membranes and use an electron transport chain (ETC).
• Both generate proton gradients on membranes via electron transfer and involve chemiosmosis and ATP synthase.
• Both generate ATP.

Photosynthesis

• Solar energy is converted to chemical energy.
• It occurs in the chloroplast and stroma, the site of the light-independent reaction
• Excited electrons reduce NADP.
• Carbon dioxide fixation or product is in the form of carbohydrates, also known as carboxylation.
• Oxygen is produced and released, this process is called photolysis.
• Life is based on carbon compounds

Respiration

• Organic or chemical energy is converted to usable energy or ATP.
• It occurs in the mitochondrion or matrix, the site of glycolysis.
• Excited electrons reduce NAD or FAD.
• Carbon dioxide is produced or released, involving the breakdown of carbohydrates/pyruvate.
• Carbohydrate acts as a reactant during decarboxylation
• Oxygen is used as the final electron acceptor in the ETC.

Carbon Compounds Production via Light Energy

• Photosynthesis is the process by which carbon compounds are produced.
• It happens in the chloroplasts of plant cells, using chlorophyll.
• Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light.
• Carbon dioxide and water are the raw materials or starting products.
• Water is split by photolysis.
• Oxygen is a waste/by-product/lost during this reaction.
• Glucose is formed.
• Glucose molecules combine to form starch for storage.
• Light energy is transformed to chemical energy.

Cell Theory

• Cells can only arise from preexisting cells.
• Living organisms' smallest unit of life are cells.
• Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell
• Although most organisms conform to cell theory, there are exceptions

Functions of Life

• Nutrition
• Metabolism/respiration
• Growth
• Response/irritability
• Excretion
• Homeostasis
• Reproduction

Anaerobic Cell Respiration in Yeasts and Humans

• Similarities: Small yield of ATP
• Yeasts: They do not require oxgyen, they produce ethanol and CO2, and do not produce lactate
• Humans: They do not require oxgyen, they do not produce ethanol and CO2, and do produce lactate

Converting light energy to chemcial energy

• Process is called Photolysis
• It is a light-dependent reactions and stages, as well as photophosphorylation
• Water splits during it
• Explain of use of water of Photosynthesis
• Water Splits broken or lysed and undergoes photolysis
• It results in producing or providing electrons
• Replaces the Electrons lost by Photosystem II, PSII,P680, chlorophyll
• Allows electrons to pass long the electrons transport chain
• Water provides protons or H+ to help generate a proton gradient
• Maintain a concentration throughout the thylaoid

Plants Using and Capturing Light

• Plants convert light energy into chemical energy by photosynthesis.
• Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts.
• Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll.
• Chloroplasts and chlorophyll absorb sunlight.
• Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light most effectively.
• Light causes photolysis or splits water molecules.
• Carbon dioxide and water are reactants in photosynthesis.
• Glucose and oxygen are products of photosynthesis.
• Light intensity is a limiting factor for the rate of photosynthesis.
• Organic/carbon compounds/glucose provide food/stored energy for the plant itself, animals, and food chains.

How Photosynthesis Produces Glucose

• Solar or light energy is converted to chemical energy.
• Energy is needed to produce glucose.
• Only specific wavelengths are absorbed by chlorophyll.
• Red and blue light is absorbed the most.
• H+ or electrons from water are used to reduce compounds.
• Carbon dioxide(CO2) is absorbed, used, or reduced to produce carbohydrates.
• Use of the correct word or balanced symbol equation of photosynthesis.

Action Spectrum for Photosynthesis

• Labeled axes: Wavelength and rate of photosynthesis.
• Rate of oxygen production.
• Graph limits: 400 and 700 nm.
• The shape of the curve involves two peaks.
• A broader peak in the blue-violet range that does not start at zero.
• A narrower peak in the orange-red range with the trough in the green range that does not reach zero.
• Peaks of activity: 430 nm and 600 nm.
• Peaks indicated as: "violet" blue light and peak indicated as "orange" red light.

Role of Oxygen in Aerobic Cell Respiration

• Oxygen acts as the terminal or final electron acceptor.
• This process is at the end of the electron transport chain.
• Oxygen accepts protons or hydrogen ions.
• Water, H2O, is produced.
• Oxygen helps to maintain a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane by removing protons from the stroma.
• Oxygen is highly electronegative, so electrons are strongly attracted to oxygen.
• Aerobic respiration/buildup of lactic acid is avoided.
• More electrons are delivered to the electron transport chain.
• NADFAD can be regenerated
• Reduced NAD/FAD can be Converted back to NAD/FAD
• Maximum yield of energy from glucose which allows complete oxidation of glucose.
• Allows fats to be used in respiration.

Plant Pigments in Photosynthesis

• Pigments or chlorophyll absorb light.
• Red and blue/violet light is absorbed.
• Absorption of light energy is necessary for photolysis or the use of water in photosynthesis.
• Other pigments allow for a wider action spectrum than the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll.

Photosynthesis Process

• Autotrophs perform photosynthesis.
• Carbon dioxide and water are the reactants, raw materials are required for photosynthesis.
• Light splits water molecules/Causes photolysis.
• Photolysis releases oxygen as a waste product.
• Light energy is converted into chemical energy.
• Photosynthesis produces organic compounds, glucose or carbohydrates.
• Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts.
• Chlorophyll absorbs light as a photosynthetic pigment.
• Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light.
• Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light.
• Carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, and light intensity are limiting factors.

Experiment on Photosynthesis Requiring Carbon Dioxide

• The control for this experiment maintains the same apparatus with carbon dioxide present.
• The control has no sodium hydroxide or alkali.
• The control is irrigated with untreated water or water with CO2.

Removing Carbon Dioxide From Water

• Carbon dioxide can be removed from the water by boiling and cooling it.
• Another method is to expose the water to a vacuum.

Measuring photosynthetic pigments

• Measuring the distance travelled from the origin/0 to the solvent front
• Measuring the distance travelled by the pigment from the orgin 0 to x

How to measure oxygen intake

• -Uses a CO2 absorber or KOH
• Measure the bubble or starting water level
• Measure the the rate rate of movement of the bubble or pressure in o2 consumption

Variegated Pelargonium plant experiment on photosynthesis

• Outline the goal of inhibiting photosynthesis
• Removing any starch already with in the leaf Or
• So any starch found in the leaf was made during the experiment Or to prevent further production of starch

Photosynthesis and ChloraphyII

• light is required for Photosynthesis is X and Y
• ChloraphyII is required for photosynthesis is W and X.
• starch is a product of photosynthesis, but not nessacarly

Chromatography

• the horizontal axis for both is wavelength or color.
• An action spectrum shows the rate of photosynthesis in chloroplast, calls, leaves or plants. An absorptions shows the rate of light.
• Porphyra also Contains phycoerythrim, which is a red pigment, suggestiing the pigment didn't disolve. Predict one color of light tat will be absorbed efficiently y phycoerythine is orange, yellow green, blue or violet.

TLC Placements within a Chromatography

• Outline what happens with TLC Placement and a contanter of solvemt is added
• The solvent will go up the TLC plate - station phase
• Pigments will move up the TLC plate
• Pigments will separate at different rates.
• Rf measurement
• Distance moved by pigment distance moved by solvent

Alginate Beads

• State the process taht comes wihtin the chartoplast of chlorealla , which uses CO2
• Name is photosynthesis or light indepedent reations or photosynthesis

Relationship between photosynthesis and Photosystem II

• ATP is produced
• Light energy is absorbed by pigments, chlorophyll, and photosystems.
• Excited electrons are passed to electron carriers and the electron transport chain.
• Protons or hydrogen ions are pumped into the thylakoid space.
• The proton gradient or high proton concentration is generated.
• Protons pass via ATP synthase to the stroma.
• ATP synthase phosphorylates ADP and converts ADP to ATP.
• Photophosphorylation/chemiosmosis occurs
• ATP synthase, electron carriers, proton pumps, photosystems, and pigment are in the thylakoid membrane..

Electron Transport Chain Role

• Electron transport chain performs chemiosmosis and chemiosmosis generates ATP.
• It receives energy/electrons from oxidation reaction and from the Krebs and Glycolysis cycle.
• It receives electron from reduced NADH and reduced FAD.
• Energy releases as electron passes from carrier to carrier in the Chain.
• The released energy from electron flow couples to proton dumping
• Protons transfered from the stroma to the inner membrane.
• Proton returns to the matrix

How Light-Independent Reactions Rely on Light-Dependent Reactions

• Begins with light-dependent reactions that produce ATP/reduced NADP.
• ATP generated by chemiosmosis/by photophosphorylation/by ATP synthase.
• Reduced NADP produced by using electrons from Photosystem I.
• RuBP + CO2 to glycerate 3 phosphate in light independent reactions
• Glycerate 3-phosphate reduce tp trioase phosphate
• ATP is needed to generate RuBP The Calvin Cycle can only be made from day light.

Similarites betwee Mitochondria and Chloroplast structure

• A loop on Dna
• 705 ribosomes
• Double Membrane

Compairison between Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

• Both ATP produces are used by both AHP
• oxygen is producted by chloroplasts
• Carbon dioxide is produced by mitochondria and used by chloroplasts

Hydrogen Ions

• (and oxygen) are obtained from photolysis of water b. (excited) electrons (from Photosystem contribute to generate ahydrogen ion/proton.
• Calvin cycle) carbon fixation to rubulose bisphosphate/RuBP produces
• ATP is used to transform G3P to TP is used to transform G3P to TP