Photosynthesis Quiz: Cyclic Electron Flow

An alternative electron pathway in photosynthesis that uses Photosystem I but not Photosystem II. It produces ATP but not NADPH.

A light-absorbing complex in the thylakoid membrane that participates in the cyclic electron flow.

Cyclic electron flow does not make NADPH, unlike the usual light reaction path.

Cyclic electron flow generates ATP via the electron transport chain.

A series of protein complexes that transfer electrons, producing ATP.

The second stage of the Calvin Cycle where 3-phosphoglycerate is converted to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) using ATP and NADPH.

The third stage of the Calvin Cycle where five G3P molecules are reorganized to regenerate RuBP, the starting molecule, using ATP.

The Calvin Cycle needs 3 CO2 molecules, 9 ATP molecules, and 6 NADPH molecules to make one G3P molecule.

The Calvin Cycle needs to 'spin' three times (using 3 CO2 molecules) to make one G3P molecule.

The initial stage of photosynthesis that converts light energy into chemical energy.

A protein complex in the thylakoid membrane that absorbs light energy and initiates the electron transport chain.

A series of protein complexes that pass electrons from PSII to PSI, generating a proton gradient.

The reaction center in Photosystem II that directly absorbs light energy.

The uneven distribution of protons across the thylakoid membrane, creating potential energy used to drive ATP synthesis.

A protein complex that further energizes electrons and passes them to NADP+ to produce NADPH.

The process in which the proton gradient drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase.

Photosynthesis is crucial for life as plants produce food using water, CO2, and sunlight, vital for human/animal survival. It's also essential for maintaining Earth's oxygen levels.

The first stage of photosynthesis, utilizing sunlight to initiate electron transfer, converting NADP+ to NADPH and water to oxygen. ATP is also produced.

Light reactions occur within the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.

The products of light reactions are ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.

The second stage of photosynthesis, also known as dark reactions, uses energy from ATP and NADPH to combine carbon dioxide and hydrogen to produce glucose (sugar).

The Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.

Sunlight converts NADP⁺ (an electron carrier) to NADPH (an energy carrier) in the light reactions of photosythesis.

Water is split during the light reactions of photosynthesis, releasing oxygen (O2) as a byproduct.

Photosynthesis involves two stages: light reactions and the Calvin cycle (dark reactions).

The Calvin cycle uses energy from ATP and NADPH to synthesize glucose (a sugar) from carbon dioxide.

The process of energy production that uses oxygen and produces a large amount of ATP, water, and carbon dioxide.

A process of energy production that does not require oxygen and generates less ATP than aerobic respiration. It produces byproducts like lactic acid or ethanol.

A series of chemical reactions that break down Acetyl-CoA, a product of pyruvate, into carbon dioxide and produces ATP, NADH, and FADH₂.

Adenosine Triphosphate, the primary energy currency of cells, used to power various cellular processes.

The 'powerhouse' of the cell where aerobic respiration occurs.

A three-carbon molecule produced from glucose during glycolysis, which is the starting material for aerobic or anaerobic respiration.

A two-carbon molecule formed from pyruvate, which enters the Krebs cycle.

Combining carbon dioxide with a 5-carbon sugar, RuBP, to start the Calvin Cycle.

The enzyme that accelerates the reaction in carbon fixation.

A 3-carbon molecule formed after carbon fixation.

The process by which plants create their own food using light energy.

A sugar produced in the Calvin Cycle, plants' primary food.

Energy molecules needed in the Calvin Cycle, produced in the first stage of photosynthesis.

A type of fermentation where pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, regenerating NAD+ for glycolysis to continue.

The accumulation of lactic acid in muscles during strenuous activity, causing a burning sensation and muscle soreness.

Lactic acid fermentation converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid, regenerating NAD+ for glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.

A type of bacterium that primarily performs lactic acid fermentation, used in food production.

Lactic acid fermentation by microorganisms like Lactobacillus contributes to the flavor, texture, and preservation of foods like yogurt, cheese, and kimchi.

The process where molecules lose electrons, releasing energy and producing carbon dioxide.

Electron carriers produced in the Krebs cycle that carry high-energy electrons to the ETC.

A difference in concentration of hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane, created by the ETC.

A channel protein that allows hydrogen ions to flow back, generating ATP.

A process that releases energy in the absence of oxygen, converting NADH back to NAD+ to continue glycolysis.

Fermentation that produces alcohol and carbon dioxide, used by yeast for energy and bread-making.

The process that releases energy from glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

The first stage of cellular respiration that splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules in the cytoplasm. It does not require oxygen.

Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy stored in food molecules into a form that cells can use: ATP.

The process that occurs in the absence of oxygen, where glucose is partially broken down to produce a small amount of ATP.