Photosynthesis Overview
116 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the correct overall chemical reaction for photosynthesis?

  • 6CO2 + 12H2O + photons → C6H12O6 + 6O2
  • 6CO2 + 12H2O + light → C12H24O12 + 12O2
  • 6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O (correct)
  • 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

Which pigment is primarily responsible for absorbing light energy in plants?

  • Chlorophyll (correct)
  • Anthocyanins
  • Carotenoids
  • Xanthophylls

What factor can double the rate of photosynthesis with a 10°C increase?

  • Temperature (correct)
  • Nutrient availability
  • Carbon dioxide concentration
  • Light intensity

Which type of plant is most efficient in cooler temperatures?

<p>C3 Plants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which light wavelengths are most effective for photosynthesis?

<p>Red and blue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does water play in the process of photosynthesis?

<p>Both a reactant and a product (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of plants are adapted to arid conditions and minimize water loss?

<p>CAM Plants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary output of photosynthesis that serves as energy for plant processes?

<p>Glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of plant cell walls that provides structural support?

<p>Cellulose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do chloroplasts play in plant cells?

<p>Photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation helps plants conserve water in terrestrial environments?

<p>Deep root systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated age of the clonal colony of quaking aspen known as Pando?

<p>80,000 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of modern medicines is derived from plant-based traditional remedies?

<p>25% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of soil?

<p>Photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do soil horizons consist of in the soil formation process?

<p>Layers with different characteristics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is part of the biotic components of an ecosystem?

<p>Humans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of supporting ecosystem services?

<p>Soil formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily associated with soil degradation?

<p>Loss of topsoil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of an ideal soil composition?

<p>45% minerals, 5% organic matter, 50% pore space (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crucial role do vacuoles serve in plant cells?

<p>Nutrient storage and turgor pressure maintenance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What helps plants in their growth responses to stimuli, particularly in adaptation?

<p>Tropisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of nutrient mining in soil?

<p>Decreased soil fertility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do monocots and dicots differ in terms of leaf structure?

<p>Monocots possess parallel venation while dicots have a network of veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant type is characterized by having fibrous roots?

<p>Monocots (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of phloem in plants?

<p>Transporting products of photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are meristematic tissues responsible for?

<p>Plant growth and differentiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes dicots from monocots?

<p>Presence of two cotyledons in the seed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of soil contamination?

<p>Reduced agricultural yield (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The equation for photosynthesis shows the conversion of what raw materials into energy?

<p>Carbon dioxide and water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plant types generally shows branching growth patterns?

<p>Dicots (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the nucleus in plant cells?

<p>Control of gene expression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is biofortification in the context of plant breeding?

<p>Improving the nutritional value of crops (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What plant structure is primarily involved in the transport of water?

<p>Xylem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does salinization affect agriculture?

<p>Leads to plant toxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bulk density and how does it relate to soil health?

<p>It is the mass of soil per unit volume, which increases with compaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following activities contribute to soil compaction?

<p>Vehicle traffic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of soil typically exhibits the highest water retention capacity?

<p>Clayey soils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of macropores in soil?

<p>They facilitate air and water movement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is crucial for maintaining soil moisture during dry periods?

<p>Capillary flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do autotrophs play in the soil ecosystem?

<p>They act as primary producers in the food web. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does soil texture influence water movement?

<p>Fine-textured soils drain slowly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of increased soil compaction?

<p>Reduced plant root establishment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices can help mitigate soil compaction?

<p>Cover cropping (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the maximum water a soil can hold against gravity?

<p>Field Capacity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which soil property is significantly affected by parent material?

<p>Soil texture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence soil permeability?

<p>Soil color (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key outcome of overgrazing and excessive tillage?

<p>Soil degradation and compaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do microorganisms in the soil contribute to plant health?

<p>Through nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of soil is likely to become waterlogged?

<p>Clayey soil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of chemotrophs in an ecosystem?

<p>They obtain energy by converting inorganic elements or organic compounds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key benefit do mycorrhizal fungi provide to plants?

<p>They enhance nutrient uptake and soil stability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which soil organisms are known for their role in creating pore networks that improve aeration?

<p>Earthworms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the germination process?

<p>Imbibition of water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can negatively impact seed germination?

<p>Waterlogged conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of germination occurs when cotyledons stay below ground?

<p>Hypogeal germination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is functional redundancy important in soil ecosystems?

<p>It ensures that certain ecological roles are fulfilled even if some species are lost. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a requirement for successful seed germination?

<p>Proper water, temperature, and oxygen levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process drives nutrient cycling within soil ecosystems?

<p>Decomposition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the loss of certain species leading to declines in soil health?

<p>Functional redundancy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leaf structure is responsible for connecting the leaf blade to the stem?

<p>Petiole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of leaves in plants?

<p>Photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of respiration occurs within the mitochondria of a cell?

<p>Krebs cycle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do larger soil organisms, like termites, affect soil health?

<p>They break down organic matter and enrich the soil. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure surrounds the stem and holds the blade of a monocot?

<p>Sheath (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of leaf arrangement allows for efficient light capture resembling a feather?

<p>Simple pinnate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plants is classified as a dicot?

<p>Potato (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of xylem in plants?

<p>Transporting water and nutrients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do monocot vascular bundles differ from dicot vascular bundles?

<p>They are scattered throughout the outer pith. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of stomata in leaves?

<p>Collect carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of growth is primarily seen in dicot plants due to apical dominance?

<p>Vertical growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of leaf arrangement do leaflets radiate from a single point at the end of the petiole?

<p>Simple palmate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the growth pattern of monocots compared to dicots?

<p>Dicots have a cambium for lateral growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of compound pinnate leaves?

<p>Leaflets are arranged along a central axis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of plant stem requires support from other plants or structures?

<p>Twinning stem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major role of the stem in plants?

<p>Providing structural support and storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During photosynthesis, which process do stomata enable by staying open?

<p>Carbon fixation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of dicots' flower structure?

<p>Display four or five petals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is commonly associated with potassium deficiency in plants?

<p>Yellowing of leaf edges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is primarily responsible for yellowing of older leaves in plants?

<p>Nitrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Liebig's Law of Minimum indicate about plant growth?

<p>Growth is dictated by the scarcity of the most limiting nutrient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process converts dinitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH3)?

<p>Nitrogen fixation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is known to affect root development and is represented by purplish coloration in stems and leaves when deficient?

<p>Phosphorus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common challenge in diagnosing nutrient deficiencies in plants?

<p>Symptoms can easily mimic other plant ailments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes would result in nitrogen losses from the soil?

<p>Denitrification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is often the most limiting factor for crop production?

<p>Nitrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Haber-Bosch process in agriculture?

<p>It synthesizes industrial nitrogen fertilizers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does soil pH influence phosphorus availability to plants?

<p>Lower pH can increase phosphorus availability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of leghemoglobin in nitrogen fixation?

<p>It protects nitrogenase from oxygen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of essential nutrients for plants?

<p>They must be present in large quantities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do intercalary meristems contribute to monocot growth?

<p>They allow for elongation and growth at the base of leaves. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of symbiotic relationships in plant nutrition?

<p>They increase the efficiency of nutrient uptake and enhance soil fertility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the effect that limits crop growth based on the least available nutrient?

<p>Liebig’s Law of the Minimum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does mycorrhizal fungi play in plant health?

<p>They aid in the uptake of phosphorus and improve water acquisition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nutrients is least likely to be considered a macronutrient for plants?

<p>Iron (Fe) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which growth pattern is associated with dicots in response to resource availability?

<p>Branching (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor can influence the efficacy of biological products in agriculture?

<p>Management practices like crop rotation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism allows plants to derive a percentage of their nitrogen needs from biological fixation?

<p>Symbiotic relationships with bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is often encountered in the development of commercial biological products?

<p>The need for consistent efficacy and safety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient cycle is primarily driven by solar energy?

<p>Carbon cycle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the effects of increased apical dominance in plants?

<p>Enhanced competition for light (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do nutrient deficiencies manifest according to the concept of essentiality?

<p>They are specific to the nutrient lacking. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which soil microorganisms convert inorganic nitrogen into organic forms?

<p>Immobilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main product of the nitrification process in soils?

<p>Nitrate (NO3-) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a C:N ratio greater than 250:1 in organic residues indicate?

<p>Microorganisms will immobilize nitrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nutrients is often the most limiting for crop production after nitrogen?

<p>Phosphorus (P) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process leads to the fixation of phosphorus, rendering it unavailable to plants?

<p>Adsorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of nitrate (NO3-) in waterlogged soils?

<p>Conversion back to nitrogen gas (N2) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about potassium (K) is correct?

<p>Soil dynamics only arise from weathering. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition does nitrification occur most effectively?

<p>Aerated soils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much of the total phosphorus in soils is typically available for plant uptake?

<p>Less than 0.01% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism primarily contributes to soil formation alongside microorganisms?

<p>Parent materials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of transpiration in plants?

<p>Cooling the plant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the A horizon in soil?

<p>High organic matter and granular structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plant residue is considered an organic source of potassium?

<p>Animal manures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of soil organic matter (SOM) has a fast turnover rate?

<p>Labile organic matter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is phosphorus not commonly found in significant amounts in soils?

<p>It has low solubility and is easily fixed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Photosynthesis

The process where plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Chlorophyll

The green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis, mainly red and blue light.

Inputs to Photosynthesis

The materials plants need for photosynthesis: carbon dioxide and water.

Outputs of Photosynthesis

The products of photosynthesis: glucose (energy) and oxygen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

C3 Plants

Plants that produce a three-carbon molecule during photosynthesis; examples include wheat and barley.

Signup and view all the flashcards

C4 Plants

Plants that produce a four-carbon molecule during photosynthesis; examples include corn and sugarcane.

Signup and view all the flashcards

CAM Plants

Plants that open stomata at night to conserve water and photosynthesize during the day. Examples include cacti and succulents.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Factors affecting Photosynthesis

Light quality (red/blue), light intensity, temperature, water, carbon dioxide, and nutrients impact photosynthesis rate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plant Cell Wall Composition

Plant cell walls are primarily made of cellulose.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Photosynthesis Location

Photosynthesis happens in chloroplasts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plant Vacuoles Function

Plant vacuoles store nutrients and waste and maintain turgor pressure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plasmodesmata Function

Plasmodesmata allow communication and transport between plant cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plant Tropisms

Plant growth responses to stimuli, like light or gravity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soil as a Plant Growth Medium

Soil provides anchorage, water and nutrients for plant growth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soil Water Regulation

Soil absorbs and releases precipitation, influencing water availability for plants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soil Nutrient Recycling

Soil recycles nutrients from waste and decomposed organisms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soil Organisms role

Soil organisms, like microorganisms, are crucial for nutrient cycling.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soil Formation Process

Soil formation is the process of weathering rocks and decomposing organic matter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ecosystem Definition

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with their environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ecosystem Services (Provisioning)

Products obtained from ecosystems (e.g., food, water).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soil Horizon Layers

Soil layers (O, A, E, B, C) have different properties.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soil Degradation Causes

Factors like water, wind, tillage, and overgrazing cause a loss of topsoil.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biofuel Production Strategies

Biofuels are made by fermenting sugar-rich crops or processing oil-rich plants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bulk Density

The mass of soil per unit volume, which increases with compaction. Compacted soils have a higher bulk density.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Compaction

The process of soil particles being pressed together, reducing pore space. Caused by human activities like tilling, vehicle traffic, and foot traffic.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soil Porosity

The amount of empty space in soil, which is vital for air and water movement. Compacted soil has lower porosity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Macropores

Large pores in soil that allow for quick water and air movement, important for root growth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Micropores

Smaller pores in soil that hold water but restrict air movement, preventing waterlogging.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Infiltration

The process of water entering the soil surface, influenced by soil texture and structure. Well-structured soils have better infiltration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Water Retention Capacity

The ability of soil to hold water for plants. Clayey soils retain more water than sandy soils.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soil Texture

The proportion of sand, silt, and clay in soil. It affects water movement and retention.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Field Capacity

The maximum amount of water a soil can hold against the pull of gravity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Permanent Wilting Point

The point at which soil water is held too tightly for plants to access, causing wilting.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soil Organic Matter

Decomposed organic matter in soil, improving its structure, water holding capacity, and nutrient content.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soil Food Web

The interconnected network of organisms living in soil, including bacteria, fungi, and animals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rhizosphere

The soil area directly influenced by plant roots, enriched by root secretions and microbial activity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Autotrophs

Organisms that make their own food from carbon dioxide, like plants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heterotrophs

Organisms that obtain food from other organisms, such as animals and fungi.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chemotrophs

Organisms that obtain energy by breaking down inorganic or organic compounds. They don't use sunlight like plants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bacteria

Single-celled prokaryotes with diverse roles in nutrient cycling and organic matter formation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Archaea

Single-celled prokaryotes that thrive in extreme environments. They play a key role in processes like nitrification.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fungi

Diverse organisms that decompose organic matter, create mycorrhizal relationships with plants, and can be pathogenic.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soil Biodiversity

The variety of organisms living in the soil, which contributes to soil health and resilience.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Functional Diversity

Different roles that organisms play in the soil, such as decomposition, nutrient cycling, and structure maintenance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Functional Redundancy

Multiple species playing similar roles in the ecosystem, ensuring continued function even if some species are lost.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Imbibition

The initial stage of germination, where water is absorbed by the seed, activating enzymes and growth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Radicle

The first part of the seedling to emerge during germination, developing into the root system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plumule

The shoot tip that emerges after the radicle, developing into the plant's aerial parts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Epigeal Germination

Germination where the cotyledons (seed leaves) are lifted above ground.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypogeal Germination

Germination where the cotyledons remain underground while the epicotyl (shoot tip) grows upward.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transpiration

The process of water loss through the stomata of leaves. It cools the plant and pulls water from the roots.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Liebig's Law of Minimum

Plant growth is limited by the nutrient in shortest supply, even if other nutrients are abundant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nutrient Cycling

The continuous movement of nutrients between living organisms and the environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nitrogen Fixation

Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) into usable forms like ammonia (NH3) by certain microbes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mineralization

Breakdown of organic nitrogen (in dead organisms) into inorganic forms (NH4+) that plants can absorb.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Immobilization

Conversion of inorganic nitrogen (NH4+) into organic forms (nitrogen in microbial cells) making it unavailable to plants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nitrification

Oxidation of ammonia (NH4+) to nitrate (NO3-) by certain bacteria in the soil.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Denitrification

Conversion of nitrate (NO3-) to nitrogen gas (N2) by bacteria, losing nitrogen from the soil.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Volatilization

Loss of nitrogen from the soil as ammonia gas (NH3) due to high pH or temperature.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phosphorus Fixation

Conversion of soluble phosphorus into insoluble forms that are unavailable to plants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why is N management important?

Nitrogen is often the most limiting nutrient for crop growth, one of the highest input costs for farmers, and its cycle is complex.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Apical Dominance

The phenomenon where the terminal bud (apex) of a plant suppresses the growth of lateral buds, resulting in a single main stem.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Intercalary Meristem

A growth zone located at the base of leaves in monocots, enabling elongation and growth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tillers

Side shoots produced by grasses (monocots) that contribute to plant spread and overall growth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Branches

Side shoots produced by dicots, contributing to plant structure and light capture.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis

A mutually beneficial relationship where Rhizobium bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia, usable by legumes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nodules

Specialized root structures in legumes where nitrogen fixation occurs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mycorrhizal Fungi

Fungi that form beneficial relationships with plant roots, enhancing nutrient uptake (especially phosphorus) and water absorption.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nitrogenase

The enzyme responsible for catalyzing nitrogen fixation, converting nitrogen gas into ammonia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Leghemoglobin

A protein in legume nodules that binds oxygen, protecting nitrogenase from oxygen damage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)

Beneficial soil bacteria that promote plant growth through various mechanisms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inoculants

Products containing specific microorganisms, like Rhizobium or mycorrhizal fungi, applied to crops to enhance growth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Liebig's Law of the Minimum

Plant growth is limited by the nutrient or resource that is most scarce, even if other nutrients are plentiful.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soil Fertility

The ability of soil to supply essential nutrients to support plant growth and reproduction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Essential Plant Nutrient Criteria

A nutrient is considered essential if it's needed for plant growth, not replaceable by another element, and directly involved in metabolism.

Signup and view all the flashcards

C:N Ratio

The ratio of carbon to nitrogen in organic matter. This ratio determines whether mineralization or immobilization will occur.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phosphate Fixation

The process where phosphorus becomes unavailable to plants due to chemical reactions with soil components.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Organic Phosphorus

Phosphorus in organic compounds, which can be mineralized by soil microorganisms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inorganic Phosphorus

Phosphorus in mineral forms, directly available for plant uptake.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Potassium (K) Desorption

The process where potassium is released from soil minerals and becomes available for plant uptake.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soil Organic Matter (SOM)

Decomposed organic matter in soil, which improves its structure, water-holding capacity and nutrient content.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Labile SOM

Organic matter in soil that decomposes quickly, providing rapid nutrient release.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glacial Till

A heterogeneous soil parent material formed by glacial activity, containing various minerals and textures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Monocot Leaf Parts

Monocot leaves have four main parts: a blade, sheath, ligule, and auricles. These structures help with support, identification, and water retention.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ligule Function

The ligule is a small flap of tissue located between the stem and the leaf blade in monocots. It provides extra support and helps differentiate plant species.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sheath Function

The sheath is the base of a monocot leaf that surrounds the stem. It helps hold the blade in place.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Auricle Function

Auricles are small, ear-like appendages found at the base of some monocot leaves. They clasp around the stem, providing additional support.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stomata Function

Stomata are tiny pores on plant leaves that allow for gas exchange. They open to collect carbon dioxide (CO2) for photosynthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dicot Leaf Arrangements

Dicot leaves have three main arrangements: alternate (leaves staggered), opposite (two leaves on opposite sides), and whorled (three or more leaves in a circle).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Simple vs. Compound Leaf

A simple leaf has one blade, while a compound leaf has multiple leaflets attached to a central stalk.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Simple Pinnate Leaf

A simple pinnate leaf has leaflets arranged along a central axis, resembling a feather, with no leaflets at the base.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Simple Palmate Leaf

A simple palmate leaf has leaflets radiating from a single point at the end of the petiole, like fingers of a hand.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Compound Pinnate Leaf

A compound pinnate leaf has multiple leaflets arranged along a central axis, like feathers on a bird's wing, with leaflets attached to the rachis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Compound Palmate Leaf

A compound palmate leaf has multiple leaflets arising from a single point, like fingers of a hand, and each leaflet can be further divided, creating a complex structure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stem Functions

The stem plays crucial roles in plant support, translocation (moving nutrients), photosynthesis, and storage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stem Types

Stems can be twining (climbing), prostrate (growing along the ground), or modified for food storage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Xylem Function

Xylem is a vascular tissue in plants that transports water and dissolved nutrients up from the roots.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phloem Function

Phloem is another vascular tissue in plants that transports food (sugars) down from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soil Compaction

Excessive traffic or grazing compresses soil particles, reducing air and water spaces, hindering root growth and increasing flooding risk.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nutrient Mining

Continuously removing nutrients from soil without replenishment leads to reduced fertility and lower crop yields.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Salinization

Increased salt levels in soil due to irrigation or natural processes harm plants and reduce productivity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Contamination

Pollutants from various sources enter the soil, harming plants and disrupting the delicate ecosystem.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why is Taxonomy important?

Classifying organisms based on shared traits facilitates scientific communication and understanding of relationships.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Binomial Nomenclature

A two-part scientific name for each species, with the genus capitalized and the specific epithet lowercase, both italicized.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Monocot growth pattern

Monocots have a linear growth pattern, extending upwards with limited branching, like bamboo.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dicot growth pattern

Dicots exhibit a branching growth pattern, developing a wide canopy and spreading structure, like oak trees.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Monocot vs. Dicot: Cotyledons

Monocots have one cotyledon (seed leaf), while dicots have two, affecting their early growth and development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Monocot vs. Dicot: Root types

Monocots have fibrous roots, a network of fine roots, while dicots have a taproot system with one main root.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plant cell walls

Plant cells have rigid cell walls made of cellulose, providing structural support and maintaining shape.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chloroplast function

Chloroplasts are organelles where photosynthesis occurs, converting light energy into chemical energy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mitochondria function

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, generating ATP through cellular respiration, providing energy for all cellular processes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DNA structure

DNA is a double helix, resembling a twisted ladder, with base pairs (A-T, C-G) forming the rungs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Photosynthesis Overview

  • Photosynthesis is the process where plants convert light energy into chemical energy (carbohydrates) using carbon dioxide and water.
  • This is crucial for plant growth and forms the base of ecosystems' food chains.
  • Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, organelles containing chlorophyll and other pigments.
  • The process is endothermic, absorbing sunlight energy.
  • Chemical equation: 6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O (simplified).

Chlorophyll

  • Green pigment in plants, absorbs light energy (red and blue wavelengths primarily).

Inputs and Outputs of Photosynthesis

  • Inputs: carbon dioxide (0.04% of the atmosphere), and water absorbed from soil and air.
  • Outputs: glucose (plant energy and building block), and oxygen released through stomata.
  • Net equation: CO2 + H2O + photons → [CH2O] + O2.

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

  • Light quality: Red and blue light most effective, green light less so.
  • Light intensity: Different plants need varying light levels.
  • Temperature: A 10°C rise can double the rate, highly temperature-dependent.
  • Water availability: Essential, shortage halts the process.
  • Carbon dioxide concentration: Higher levels increase the rate until other factors become limiting.
  • Nutrient availability: Nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus affect efficiency.

Types of Photosynthetic Plants

  • C3 plants (wheat, barley, rice): Produce a three-carbon molecule, efficient in cooler temperatures.
  • C4 plants (corn, sugarcane): Produce a four-carbon molecule, excel in high light and temperature.
  • CAM plants (succulents, cacti): Adapted to arid conditions, open stomata at night to conserve water.

Plant Cell Structure and Function

  • Cell walls: Composed primarily of cellulose, provide structural support (Earth's most abundant organic compound).
  • Chloroplasts: Sites of photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll.
  • Vacuoles: Store nutrients, waste, and maintain turgor pressure (important for plant rigidity).
  • Plasmodesmata: Allow communication and transport between plant cells, aiding growth and responses.

Environmental Adaptations

  • Tropisms: Growth responses (e.g., toward light).
  • Water acquisition, movement, and retention: Crucial for terrestrial survival.
  • Adaptations: Deep roots, waxy cuticles, specialized leaves, seasonal changes (e.g., leaf drop).

Longevity and Size of Trees

  • Giant sequoia: Over 3,500 years, largest living organisms by volume; General Sherman Tree is a notable example.
  • Great Basin bristlecone pine: Methuselah, estimated at 4,841 years old.
  • Pando: A clonal aspen colony, around 80,000 years old.

Plants in Ecosystems

  • Soil formation and retention: Essential for other organisms.
  • Oxygen release: Crucial for aerobic organisms (including humans).

Traditional Medicine

  • Approximately 25% of modern medicines originate from traditional plant remedies.
  • Aspirin example: Derived from willow trees, documented use in ancient cultures (400 BC).

Biofuels and Other Uses

  • Biofuels: Fuels from biological material (e.g., sugarcane, oilseeds).
  • Production: Fermentation and chemical processing.
  • Versatility: Fibers, materials, animal feed, aesthetics.

Soil Functions

  • Plant growth medium: Anchorage, water, and nutrients.
  • Water regulation: Absorption, release of precipitation.
  • Habitat: Home to microorganisms for nutrient cycling.
  • Recycling system: Recycles nutrients from waste.
  • Global energy cycle: Moderates solar radiation effects.
  • Engineering medium: Construction materials.

Soil as a Living System

  • Organisms: Microorganisms (earthworms), crucial for nutrient cycling and soil structure.

Soil Formation Processes

  • Weathering of rocks and decomposition of organic matter.
  • Destructive processes (physical & chemical weathering).
  • Synthetic processes (clay mineral formation, soil horizon development).
  • Factors: Climate, parent material, topography, organisms, and time.
  • Soil Horizons: O, A, E, B, C layers with unique characteristics.

Ecosystem Definition

  • An ecosystem: Community of living organisms interacting with their physical environment (biotic & abiotic).

Ecosystem Services

  • Provisioning: Food, fresh water, fuelwood, fiber, genetic resources.
  • Regulating: Climate regulation, disease control, water purification.
  • Cultural: Recreation, aesthetics, cultural heritage.
  • Supporting: Soil formation, nutrient cycling.

Soil Characteristics

  • Finite, non-renewable resource (formation takes hundreds/thousands of years).
  • Ideal composition: 45% minerals, 5% organic matter, 50% pore space.

Soil Degradation

  • Loss of topsoil (water, wind, tillage, overgrazing).
  • Soil compaction (vehicle traffic, grazing).
  • Nutrient mining (removal without replenishment).
  • Salinization (increase in soil salinity).
  • Contamination (pollutants impacting soil ecosystems).

Growth Patterns in Plants

  • Monocots (linear): Bamboo
  • Dicots (branching): Oak trees
  • Environmental adaptability linked to growth patterns.

Main Plant Types

  • Monocots (one cotyledon) vs. Dicots (two cotyledons): Structural differences are impactful.

Plant Cell Structure (brief overview)

  • Plant cells have rigid cell walls (cellulose), large central vacuoles.
  • Animal cells have flexible membranes.

Photosynthesis and Gas Exchange (brief overview)

  • Photosynthesis in chloroplasts converts light to chemical energy.
  • Gas exchange through stomata.

Plant Organelles

  • Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis.
  • Vacuoles: Storage, turgor pressure.
  • Mitochondria: Cellular respiration.
  • Nucleus: DNA regulation.

DNA Structure

  • Double helix structure.
  • Genes as instruction for development.
  • Proteins as products directly involved in biological processes.

Plant Breeding Techniques

  • Classical: Selective breeding via natural genetic variation.
  • Molecular: Marker-assisted selection, increasing efficiency.

Meristematic Tissues

  • Plant growth: Apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems (primary and secondary).
  • Location-specific roles.
  • Examples in grasses and woody plants.

Vascular Tissues

  • Xylem: Transports water and minerals.
  • Phloem: Transports food produced by photosynthesis.

Soil Texture and Structure

  • Soil particle size (sand, silt, clay) influence water movement.
  • Soil structure affects water movement, root penetration, and aeration.
  • Bulk density is soil mass per unit volume (higher means compaction).
  • Compaction due to human activities.

Soil Water Relationships

  • Soil texture, water movement, and retention.
  • Infiltration as water entering the surface.
  • Permeability: Water and air transmission.
  • Field capacity, permanent wilting point.

Effects of Soil Management

  • Practices like crop rotation, cover cropping, reduced tillage improve soil health.
  • Overgrazing and tillage decrease productivity.

Water Movement Mechanisms

  • Gravitational flow (saturated): In macropores.
  • Capillary flow (unsaturated): In micropores.

Parent Material and Soil Development

  • Geological and organic materials influence soil formation.
  • Parent materials (residual or transported).
  • Glacial shaping of Canadian soils.

Climate and Vegetation Influence

  • Precipitation affects nutrient leaching, dry climates preserve fertility.
  • Vegetation influences organic matter.

Soil Organisms and Roles

  • Biodiversity in a handful of soil: Bacteria, fungi, protists, nematodes.
  • Soil food web.
  • Interactions crucial for nutrient cycling.

Soil Organisms (larger)

  • Earthworms, termites: Improve soil structure.
  • Enhance aeration and drainage.

Functional Redundancy

  • Multiple species performing similar roles: Ecosystem stability.

Stages of Germination

  • Imbibition (water absorption)--critical first step.
  • Seed swelling, coat rupture, radicle/plumule emergence.

Requirements for Successful Germination

  • Water, temperature, and oxygen levels are crucial.
  • Seed viability and dormancy.

Types of Germination

  • Epigeal (cotyledons above ground).
  • Hypogeal (cotyledons below ground).

Leaf Functions

  • Photosynthesis, transpiration, respiration, storage.

Transpiration

  • Water loss from stomata: Cools the plant, moves water up from roots.

Respiration

  • Occurs in all living cells to break down food.

Stem Functions

  • Support, translocation, photosynthesis, storage.
  • Twinning, prostrate, and modified stems.

Dicots and Monocots

  • Differences in vascular bundles, secondary growth, leaf shapes, flower structures, evolutionary adaptations.

Apical Dominance

  • Main growth at plant apex suppresses lateral bud growth.
  • Hormones regulate.

Growth Patterns and Meristems

  • Monocot branching systems.
  • Tillering in monocots is influenced by light and resources.

Symbiotic Relationships

  • Legume-rhizobium symbiosis: Nitrogen fixation.
  • Mycorrhizal fungi enhancing nutrient uptake.

Mechanisms of Nitrogen Fixation

  • Chemical reaction and enzyme (nitrogenase).
  • Leghemoglobin protects nitrogenase.

PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria)

  • Enhance plant performance via various mechanisms.

Development of Biological Products

  • Long development, safety, efficacy requirements.

Limitations of Biological Products

  • Not all are effective universally.
  • Management practices matter.

Essential Plant Nutrients

  • Criteria essential for plant growth.

Nutrient Uptake Mechanisms

  • Diffusion, mass flow, and interception.

Liebig's Law of the Minimum

  • Limiting factor dictates growth.

Nutrient Cycling (brief overview)

  • Energy source (solar, chemical).
  • Transformations (inorganic forms).

Nitrogen Cycle Processes (brief overview)

  • Fixation, mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, volatilization.

Phosphorus Cycle (brief overview)

  • Inputs, transformations, losses.

Potassium Cycle (brief overview)

  • Inputs, transformations, losses.

Soil pH and Nutrient Availability (brief overview)

  • Impact on nutrient availability.

Horticulture (brief overview)

  • Types of horticulture
  • Regenerative cropping

Ecology (brief overview)

  • Relationship between plants and environment.

Plant Anatomy

  • Components such as roots, stems, leaves, and their functions

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of photosynthesis, including its importance, the role of chlorophyll, and the inputs and outputs of the process. Understand how plants convert light energy into chemical energy and the factors that affect this vital process in ecosystems.

More Like This

Biology Chapter 5: Photosynthesis Quiz
20 questions

Biology Chapter 5: Photosynthesis Quiz

UncomplicatedSelenium2262 avatar
UncomplicatedSelenium2262
Photosynthesis Equation and Chlorophyll Functions
10 questions

Photosynthesis Equation and Chlorophyll Functions

UnrealEpitaph avatar
UnrealEpitaph
Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll Quiz
22 questions

Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll Quiz

AchievableDarmstadtium9560 avatar
AchievableDarmstadtium9560
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser