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Questions and Answers
What are the thylakoid membranes filled with?
What are the thylakoid membranes filled with?
- Interconnected stroma
- Light-absorbing stroma
- Free-floating grana
- Saclike chlorophyll-containing thylakoids (correct)
Which part of the chloroplast is responsible for the fluid portion outside the thylakoids?
Which part of the chloroplast is responsible for the fluid portion outside the thylakoids?
- Granum
- Chlorophyll
- Stroma (correct)
- Grana
What is the main role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
What is the main role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
- Absorbing oxygen
- Producing carbon dioxide
- Absorbing light and transferring energy to electrons (correct)
- Building high-energy sugars directly
Grana are mainly stacks of what?
Grana are mainly stacks of what?
Which molecules are built using the high-energy electrons provided by chlorophyll?
Which molecules are built using the high-energy electrons provided by chlorophyll?
What are the main pigments involved in photosynthesis in green plants?
What are the main pigments involved in photosynthesis in green plants?
What is the role of NADP in photosynthesis?
What is the role of NADP in photosynthesis?
In which part of the plant cell does photosynthesis occur?
In which part of the plant cell does photosynthesis occur?
Which wavelengths of light are best absorbed by chlorophyll a?
Which wavelengths of light are best absorbed by chlorophyll a?
How do light-independent reactions in photosynthesis differ from light-dependent reactions?
How do light-independent reactions in photosynthesis differ from light-dependent reactions?
Which product is directly generated by the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
Which product is directly generated by the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
What makes up the visible spectrum that our eyes perceive as 'white' light?
What makes up the visible spectrum that our eyes perceive as 'white' light?
Why do most leaves appear green in color?
Why do most leaves appear green in color?
What is the primary function of an electron carrier in plant cells?
What is the primary function of an electron carrier in plant cells?
Which molecule acts as an electron carrier by accepting and holding two high-energy electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+)?
Which molecule acts as an electron carrier by accepting and holding two high-energy electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+)?
In the analogy provided, what is used to represent NADP+?
In the analogy provided, what is used to represent NADP+?
What happens when NADP+ accepts high-energy electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+)?
What happens when NADP+ accepts high-energy electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+)?
What is the role of NADPH in the chloroplast?
What is the role of NADPH in the chloroplast?
What is the initial source of high-energy electrons that NADP+ carries?
What is the initial source of high-energy electrons that NADP+ carries?
Why do plant cells need electron carriers like NADP+?
Why do plant cells need electron carriers like NADP+?
What is NADP+ converted into after accepting high-energy electrons and a proton?
What is NADP+ converted into after accepting high-energy electrons and a proton?
What compounds produced in the light dependent reactions are utilized in the light independent reactions?
What compounds produced in the light dependent reactions are utilized in the light independent reactions?
In photosynthesis, where do the light independent reactions occur?
In photosynthesis, where do the light independent reactions occur?
What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?
What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?
Which molecule is directly involved in the creation of sugars during the light independent reactions?
Which molecule is directly involved in the creation of sugars during the light independent reactions?
What is the primary function of NADPH in photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of NADPH in photosynthesis?
How does the light independent reaction differ from the light dependent reaction in terms of light requirement?
How does the light independent reaction differ from the light dependent reaction in terms of light requirement?
What process fixes carbon into sugar molecules during photosynthesis?
What process fixes carbon into sugar molecules during photosynthesis?
Which critical molecule is regenerated during the light independent reactions to continue the Calvin cycle?
Which critical molecule is regenerated during the light independent reactions to continue the Calvin cycle?
What is the main purpose of photosynthesis?
What is the main purpose of photosynthesis?
How is ATP generated during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
How is ATP generated during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
During photosynthesis, what molecule acts as an electron carrier?
During photosynthesis, what molecule acts as an electron carrier?
What are the main products of photosynthesis?
What are the main products of photosynthesis?
Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place?
Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place?
What happens to the oxygen atoms from water molecules during the light-dependent reactions?
What happens to the oxygen atoms from water molecules during the light-dependent reactions?
What is the overall chemical equation for photosynthesis in symbols?
What is the overall chemical equation for photosynthesis in symbols?
Why is Elodea a good subject for investigating the wavelengths of light used in photosynthesis?
Why is Elodea a good subject for investigating the wavelengths of light used in photosynthesis?
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis: An Overview
- Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, and some other organisms, convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds, such as glucose.
- This process is crucial for life on Earth, as it provides energy and organic compounds for plants and, indirectly, for animals that feed on plants.
Chlorophyll and Chloroplasts
- Chlorophyll: the green pigment found in plants that plays a crucial role in photosynthesis by absorbing light energy.
- Chloroplast: the organelle where photosynthesis takes place; it contains grana (stacks of thylakoid membranes) and stroma (the fluid portion outside of the thylakoids).
Light and Pigments
- Light energy from the sun reacts with Earth in the form of light energy, which is perceived as "white" light, comprising different wavelengths.
- Pigments: light-absorbing compounds that capture the energy of sunlight; the principal pigments in green plants are chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.
- Chlorophyll a absorbs blue-violet and a region of the visible spectrum, while chlorophyll b absorbs blue-violet and a region of the visible spectrum, but not red.
Energy Collection and Electron Carriers
- Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, transferring it to its own electrons, which become high-energy electrons.
- These high-energy electrons are then carried by electron carriers, such as NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), to other molecules.
- NADP accepts and holds two high-energy electrons, along with a hydrogen ion (H+), converting NADP+ into NADPH.
Light-Dependent and Light-Independent Reactions
- Light-dependent reactions: the reactions in photosynthesis that require light energy, taking place in thylakoid membranes, producing ATP and NADPH.
- Light-independent reactions: the reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light energy, using ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to fix carbon dioxide into glucose.
Stages of Photosynthesis
- The overall equation for photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2
- Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and complete the process of photosynthesis to fix carbon-containing sugars.
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