Photosynthesis Overview and Stages

<p>They are used to fix carbon dioxide in the Calvin Cycle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of thylakoid stacks called grana (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CO2 is fixed as a four-carbon compound. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide a large surface area for light absorption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To fabricate glucose from carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C3 plants fix CO2 using ribulose bisphosphate while C4 plants use phosphoenolpyruvate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CAM plants perform both CO2 fixation and sugar synthesis at night. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C4 plants open their stomata for shorter periods to minimize water loss. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C4 plants utilize specialized bundle sheath cells for CO2 concentration, unlike C3 plants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PEP carboxylase reacts with CO2 to form malate, which is then converted to pyruvate before sugar synthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They regenerate RuBP. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It hampers the Calvin cycle's ability to produce sugar. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They incorporate CO2 more efficiently. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellulose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynamic stomata (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can bind with both CO2 and O2. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photorespiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photosynthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces water evaporation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It exits the cycle for glucose synthesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To serve as a direct energy source for the Calvin Cycle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NADPH provides high-energy electrons for the reduction of CO2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorophyll a (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Within the thylakoid membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C4 plants exhibit a more efficient carbon fixation pathway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature and oxygen concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thylakoid membranes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To serve as an electron donor in the Calvin cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It fixes CO2 by combining it with RuBP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduction Phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through the transport of electrons along the ETC II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rearrangement of organic molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides energy needed to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C3 plants fix CO2 directly, while C4 plants utilize a four-carbon compound. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduction of sugar production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thylakoid membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Process by plants and other organisms convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of sugars.

Organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place.

First stage of photosynthesis; light energy is converted into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).

Membrane-bound sacs within chloroplasts where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur.

Green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

Fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast.

Adenosine triphosphate; a crucial molecule for storing and transferring energy in cells.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; a molecule that carries electrons in photosynthesis.

A process that uses light reaction products to create sugar from carbon dioxide.

A particle of light energy.

The membrane within chloroplasts where light reactions occur.

Clusters of chlorophyll and proteins used in light reactions.

A series of proteins that pass electrons, releasing energy.

Photosystem II (PS II) splits water molecules (H2O) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen ions (H+).

The oxygen (O2) produced from water splitting by PS II is released from the cell.

Hydrogen ions (H+) released from water splitting contribute to a concentration gradient across the thylakoid membrane.

For every two water molecules split, one molecule of oxygen gas is produced.

Electrons released from PS II enter Electron Transport Chain II (ETC II) in the thylakoid membrane.

Energy released by electrons moving through ETC II pumps H+ ions from the stroma into the thylakoid compartment.

Photosystem I (PS I) captures light energy and ejects electrons. Replacement electrons come from ETC II.

Electrons from ETC I combine with NADP+ and H+ to form NADPH, an energy carrier molecule.

ATP synthase is a protein complex that allows H+ ions to flow down their gradient across the thylakoid membrane.

The flow of H+ ions through ATP synthase drives the attachment of a phosphate group (Pi) to ADP, creating ATP in the stroma.

Plants that use the Hatch-Slack pathway for photosynthesis, where carbon dioxide fixation and sugar synthesis occur in different cells.

An enzyme in C4 plants that helps fix carbon dioxide by reacting it with a 3-carbon molecule called phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).

Specialized cells in C4 plants where carbon dioxide is concentrated and used in the Calvin cycle to produce sugar.

A 4-carbon molecule that carries carbon dioxide from mesophyll cells to bundle sheath cells in C4 plants.

Plants that separate carbon dioxide fixation and sugar synthesis by time, capturing CO2 at night and synthesizing sugar during the day.

An enzyme responsible for fixing carbon dioxide (CO2) during the Calvin cycle. This process converts CO2 into an organic molecule, which is the basis for sugar synthesis in photosynthesis.

The final phase of the Calvin cycle where the starting molecule, RuBP, is regenerated. This cycle uses 5 out of 6 G3P molecules to regenerate RuBP, while the remaining G3P exits the cycle as the product of photosynthesis.

A disaccharide sugar composed of glucose and fructose. It is a major energy storage molecule in plants and is transported throughout the plant via the phloem.

A long-chain polysaccharide made up of repeating glucose units. It serves as a primary long-term energy storage molecule in plants.

A complex polysaccharide made up of repeating glucose units. It is the main structural component in the cell walls of plants, providing strength and rigidity.

A wasteful process that occurs when oxygen (O2) binds to rubisco instead of carbon dioxide (CO2) during photosynthesis. This process produces 1 3-phosphoglycerate and 1 2-phosphoglycolate, leading to the release of CO2 and the consumption of ATP, effectively derailing photosynthesis.

C3 plants are the 'standard' type of plant that directly uses rubisco to fix CO2 in the Calvin cycle. C4 plants, on the other hand, have evolved a modified pathway where CO2 is first fixed into a 4-carbon compound, concentrating CO2 near rubisco and minimizing photorespiration. This adaptation allows C4 plants to thrive in hot, dry climates.